Rod of Asclepius
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The rod of Asclepius (also known as the rod of Asklepios, rod of Aesculapius or asklepian[1]) is an ancient Greek symbol associated with astrology and with healing the sick through medicine. It consists of a serpent entwined around a staff. Asclepius, the son of Apollo, was a practitioner of medicine in ancient Greek mythology.
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[edit] Symbolism
The rod of Asclepius symbolizes the healing arts by combining the serpent, which in shedding its skin is a symbol of rebirth and fertility, with the staff, a symbol of authority befitting the god of Medicine. The snake wrapped around the staff is widely claimed to be a species of rat snake, Elaphe longissima, also known as the Aesculapian or Asclepian snake. It is native to southeastern Europe, Asia Minor, and some central European spa regions, apparently brought there by Romans for their healing properties.
[edit] Origin
There are several different theories as to the origin and development of the rod of Asclepius, any or all of which may have contributed to its development. The symbol is named for an ancient Greek legend, although the legend could be older.
[edit] Greek mythology
According to Greek mythology, Asclepius was said to have learned the art of healing from Chiron. He is customarily represented as a surgeon on the ship Argo. Asclepius was so skilled in the medical arts that he was reputed to have brought patients back from the dead. For this, he was punished and placed in the heavens as the constellation Ophiuchus (meaning "serpent-bearer"). This constellation lies between Sagittarius and Libra.[2] In early Christianity, the constellation Ophiuchus was associated with Saint Paul holding the Maltese Viper. According to some, Asclepius fought alongside the Achaeans in the Trojan War, and cured Philoctetes of his famous snake bite.
[edit] "Worm" theory
Some scholars have suggested that the symbol once represented a worm wrapped around a rod; parasitic worms such as the "guinea worm" (Dracunculus medinensis) were common in ancient times, and were extracted from beneath the skin by winding them slowly around a stick. Physicians may have advertised this common service by posting a sign depicting a worm on a rod. The worm was mistaken for a snake in the middle ages and has since been known as a snake entwined round a staff and not a worm.[3]
[edit] Biblical
A similar symbol, Nehushtan, is mentioned in the Bible in Numbers 21:4–9. Attacked by a plague of snakes in the wilderness, Moses holds up a serpent coiled around a staff, both made from bronze, so that the Israelites might recover from the bites.[4]
[edit] Professional usage
A number of organisations and services use the rod of Asclepius as their logo, or part of their logo. These include the:
- American Dental Association
- American Medical Association
- American Osteopathic Association
- American Veterinary Medical Association
- Australian Medical Association
- British Royal Army Medical Corps
- Canadian Medical Association
- Star of Life, symbol of emergency medical services
- World Health Organization
- Australian Veterinary Association
- Malaysian Medical Council
- MedicAlert
[edit] Confusion with the caduceus
The caduceus is often also used as a symbol for medicine or doctors, in place of the rod of Asclepius which is the usual symbol of medical professions. A 1992 survey of American health organisations found that 62% of professional associations used the rod of Asclepius, whereas in commercial organizations, 76% used the caduceus. The usage of Caduceus as a symbol for medicine is considered incorrect by some scholars.[5]
Early confusion between the symbols almost certainly arose due to the links between alchemy and Hermes, whose symbol is the caduceus. The alchemists adopted the caduceus because Hermes, the God of Messengers, was also the patron lord of gamblers, thieves, tricksters and alchemists. By the end of the 16th century, alchemy became widely associated with medicine in some areas, leading to some use of the caduceus as a medical symbol."The Use of Mercury's Caduceus as a Medical Emblem" by Bernice S. Engle, a 5-page article in "The Classical Journal", Vol. 25, No. 3 (Dec., 1929), pp. 204-208, deals with the use of the Caduceus by Sir William Butts, c1491-1545, physician to Henry VIII, who used it on his coat-of-arms and was the first medical man to use it. [6]
The main reason for the modern confusion over the symbols occurred when the caduceus was adopted by the Medical Department of the United States Army in 1902. [1] This was brought about by one Captain Reynolds, who after having the idea rejected several times by the Surgeon General, persuaded the new incumbent (WH Forwood) to adopt it. The mistake was noticed several years later by the librarian to the surgeon general, but was not changed.[1]
There was further confusion caused by the use of the caduceus as a printer's mark (as Hermes was the god of eloquence and messengers), which appeared in many medical textbooks as a printing mark, although subsequently mistaken for a medical symbol.[1]
[edit] Standard representation
The rod of Asclepius has a representation on the Miscellaneous Symbols table of the Unicode Standard at U+2695 (⚕).
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Wilcox, Robert A; Whitham, Emma M (15 April 2003). "The symbol of modern medicine: why one snake is more than two". Annals of Internal Medicine.
- ^ Brady, Bernadette (1999). Brady's Book of Fixed Stars. Weiser Books.
- ^ Emerson, John (July 2003). "Eradicating Guinea worm disease: Caduceus caption".
- ^ Bible Passage Numbers 21:4-9. Bible Gateway.com. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
- ^ Friedlander, Walter J (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus symbol in medicine. Greenwood Press.
- ^ Blayney, Keith (September 2002). The Caduceus vs the Staff of Asclepius. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.
