Rockefeller Center

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Rockefeller Center
(U.S. National Historic Landmark)
Bird's eye view of Rockefeller Plaza, the heart of Rockefeller Center
Location:	Midtown Manhattan, New York City, NY
Coordinates:	40°45′31″N 73°58′45″W / 40.75861, -73.97917Coordinates: 40°45′31″N 73°58′45″W / 40.75861, -73.97917
Area:	22 acres (8.8 ha)
Built/Founded:	1939
Architect:	Raymond Hood
Architectural style(s):	Modern, Art Deco
Designated as NHL:	December 23, 1987[1]
Added to NRHP:	December 23, 1987[2]
NRHP Reference#:	87002591
Governing body:	Tishman Speyer Properties and other partners

Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Built by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan, spanning between Fifth Avenue and Seventh Avenue. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.^[1][3][4] It is the largest privately held complex of its kind in the world, and an international symbol of modernist architectural style blended with capitalism.

Contents 1 History 2 Radio City Music Hall 3 The GE Building (RCA Building) 4 Center Art 5 Buildings 6 Former buildings 7 The underground Concourse 8 Flags 9 Small parks 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 Further reading 14 External links

[edit] History

Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it from 1930. Rockefeller initially planned a syndicate to build an opera house for the Metropolitan Opera on the site, but changed his mind after the stock market crash of 1929 and the withdrawal of the Metropolitan from the project. Rockefeller stated "It was clear that there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development. The other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone."^[5] He took on the enormous project as the sole financier, on a 24-year lease^[6] (with the option for three 21-year renewals for a total of 87 years) for the site from Columbia; negotiating a line of credit with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and covering ongoing expenses through the sale of oil company stock.

It was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times.^[7] Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style (without the original opera house proposal) began on May 17, 1930 and was completed on November 1, 1939 when he drove in the final (silver) rivet into 10 Rockefeller Plaza. Principal builder, and "managing agent", for the massive project was John R. Todd and principal architect was Raymond Hood, working with and leading three architectural firms, on a team that included a young Wallace Harrison, later to become the family's principal architect and adviser to Nelson Rockefeller.

It was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name "Rockefeller Center" for the complex, in 1931. Junior initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, but was persuaded on the grounds that the name would attract far more tenants.^[8]

What could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Attempts were made by Ivy Lee and others to rent out the space to German commercial concerns and name it the Deutsches Haus. Junior ruled this out after being advised of Hitler's Nazi march towards World War II, and thus the empty office site became the International Building North.^[9]

This subsequently became the primary location of the U.S. operations of British Intelligence, British Security Coordination (BSC) during the War, with Room 3603 becoming the principal operations center for Allied intelligence, organized by William Stephenson, as well as the office of the future head of what was later to become the Central Intelligence Agency, Allen Welsh Dulles.^[10]

The Center is a combination of two building complexes: the older and original 14 Art Deco office buildings from the 1930s, and a set of four International-style towers built along the west side of Avenue of the Americas during the 1960s and 1970s (plus the Lehman Brothers Building). (The Time-Life Building, McGraw-Hill and News Corporation/Fox News Channel headquarters are part of these "newer" Rockefeller Center buildings, which are now owned/managed by the major private real estate firm, Rockefeller Group.)

In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for 400 million dollars.^[11] The entire Rockefeller Center complex was purchased by Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, in 1989, which fully bought out Rockefeller Group. In 2000, the current owner Jerry Speyer (a close friend of David Rockefeller), of Tishman Speyer Properties, L.P., together with the Lester Crown family of Chicago, bought for $1.85 billion the older 14 buildings and land from the previous syndicated owners: Goldman Sachs (which had 50 percent ownership), Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller, who organized the syndicate in 1996 and is historically associated with the other partners.^[12]

[edit] Radio City Music Hall

The Radio City Music Hall was completed in December, 1932. At the time it was the largest and most opulent theater in the world. Its original name was the International Music Hall but was changed to reflect the new technology of the time—radio. One of the complex's first and most important tenants was RCA, hence the other name the Center itself was dubbed was "Radio City."

The Music Hall was planned by a consortium of three architectural firms, who employed Edward Durell Stone to design the exterior. The interior design was given to the expert of the then European Modernist style and the expression of a new American aesthetic, Donald Deskey, through the direction of Abby Rockefeller. He believed the space would best be served by sculptures and wall paintings and commissioned various artists for the elaborate and now showpiece work. The theater seated 6,000 people and after an initial slow start became the single biggest tourist destination in the city. Its interior was declared a New York City landmark in 1978.

[edit] The GE Building (RCA Building)

Main article: GE Building

The centerpiece of Rockefeller Center is the 70-floor, 872-foot (266 m) GE Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza ("30 Rock")—formerly known as the RCA Building—centered behind the sunken plaza. The building is the setting for the now famous photograph taken by Charles C. Ebbets in 1932 of workers lunching on a steel beam without harnesses. The 840-foot (260 m) drop lies below.

The building was renamed in the 1980s after General Electric (GE) re-acquired RCA, which it helped found in 1919. The famous Rainbow Room club restaurant is located on the 65th floor; the Rockefeller family office covers the 54-56th floors. The skyscraper is the headquarters of NBC and houses most of the network's New York studios, including the legendary Studio 8H, home of Saturday Night Live. NBC currently owns the space it occupies in the building as a condominium arrangement.

Unlike most other Art Deco towers built during the 1930s, the GE Building was constructed as a slab with a flat roof, where the Center's newly renovated observation deck, the Top of the Rock^[13] is located, which was first built in 1933. The $75 million makeover of the observation area was carried out by the Center's owner, Tishman Speyer Properties and was finally completed in 2005. It spans from the 67-70th floors and includes a multimedia exhibition exploring the history of the Center. On the 70th floor, reached by both stairs and elevator, there is a 20-foot (6.1 m) wide viewing area, allowing visitors a unique 360-degree panoramic view of New York City.^[14]

At the front of 30 Rock is the Lower Plaza, in the very center of the complex, which is reached from 5th Avenue through the Channel Gardens and Promenade. The acclaimed sculptor Paul Manship was commissioned in 1933 to create a masterwork (see below) to adorn the central axis, below the famed annual Christmas tree, but all the other original plans to fill the space were abandoned over time. It wasn't until Christmas Day in 1936 that the ice-skating rink was finally installed and the popular Center activity of ice-skating began.^[15]

[edit] Center Art

Rockefeller Center contains, amongst many other corporate tenants, the New York headquarters of the world's biggest auction house by revenue, Christie's. The Center represents a turning point in the history of architectural sculpture: it is among the last major building projects in the United States to incorporate a program of integrated public art. Sculptor Lee Lawrie contributed the largest number of individual pieces — twelve — including the statue of Atlas facing Fifth Avenue and the conspicuous friezes above the main entrance to the RCA Building.

Paul Manship's highly recognizable bronze gilded statue of the Greek legend of the Titan Prometheus recumbent, bringing fire to mankind, features prominently in the sunken plaza at the front of 30 Rockefeller Plaza. The model for Prometheus was Leonardo (Leon) Nole, and the inscription from Aeschylus, on the granite wall behind, reads: "Prometheus, teacher in every art, brought the fire that hath proved to mortals a means to mighty ends." Although some sources cite it as the fourth-most familiar statue in the United States, behind the Lincoln Memorial, Mount Rushmore and the Statue of Liberty, Manship was not particularly fond or proud of it.

A large number of other artists contributed work at the Center, including Isamu Noguchi, whose gleaming stainless steel bas-relief, News, over the main entrance to 50 Rockefeller Plaza (the Associated Press Building) was a standout. At the time it was the largest metal bas-relief in the world. Other artists included Carl Milles, Hildreth Meiere, Margaret Bourke-White, Dean Cornwell, and Leo Friedlander.

Famously, in 1932, the Mexican socialist artist Diego Rivera (whose sponsor was Museum of Modern Art and whose patron at the time was Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, the wife of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.), was commissioned by their son Nelson Rockefeller to create a color fresco for the 1,071-square-foot (99 m²) wall in the lobby of the then RCA Building. This was after Nelson had been unable to secure the commissioning of either Matisse or Picasso. Previously he had painted a controversial mural in Detroit entitled Detroit Industry, commissioned by Abby and John's friend, Edsel Ford, who later became a MoMA trustee.

Thus it came as no real surprise when Rivera's Man at the Crossroads became controversial, as it contained Moscow May Day scenes and a clear portrait of Lenin, not apparent in initial sketches. After Nelson issued a written warning to Rivera to replace the offending figure with an anonymous face, Rivera refused (after offering to counterbalance Lenin with a portrait of Lincoln), and so he was paid off and the mural papered over at the instigation of Nelson, who was to become the Center's flamboyant president. Nine months later, after all attempts to save the fresco were explored—including relocating it to Abby's Museum of Modern Art—it was destroyed as a last option.^[16]

Rivera re-created the work later in Mexico City in modified form, from a photo taken by his wife, Frida Kahlo; in it he included the figure of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. His fresco in the Center was replaced with a stunning, larger mural by the Spanish Catalan artist Jose Maria Sert, titled American Progress, depicting a vast allegorical scene of men constructing modern America. It contains the figures of Abraham Lincoln and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and it is wrapped around the west wall of the Grand Lobby at 30 Rock.^[17]

In 1962, a plaque was placed at the plaza with a list of principles in which John D. Rockefeller Jr. believed, first expressed by him in 1941. It begins with: "I believe in the supreme worth of the individual and in his right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," and includes a list of other lifelong beliefs encompassing free enterprise and religion.

[edit] Buildings

The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet (743,000 m²) on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth Avenues, and running from 48th Street to 51st Street. Rockefeller Center is also a private property open to the public, which is co-owned by Tishman-Speyer.

• One Rockefeller Plaza (608,000 sq ft)—originally the Time–Life Building; an original tenant was General Dynamics, for whom the building was briefly named.
• 10 Rockefeller Plaza (288,000 sq ft)—Formerly the Eastern Air Lines Building. The Today Show studios are located there.
• 30 Rockefeller Plaza: GE Building (2.9 million square ft)—Formerly the RCA & RCA West Buildings
• 50 Rockefeller Plaza: Bank of America Building (481,000 sq ft)—Formerly the Associated Press Building
• 1230 Avenue of the Americas: Simon & Schuster Building (706,000 sq ft)—Formerly U.S. Rubber/Uniroyal
• 1260 Avenue of the Americas: Radio City Music Hall
• 1270 Avenue of the Americas (528,000 sq ft)—Originally the RKO Building, later the American Metal Climax (AMAX) Building
• 600 Fifth Avenue (409,000 sq ft)—Formerly the Sinclair Oil Building
• 610 Fifth Avenue: La Maison Francaise (130,000 sq ft)
• 620 Fifth Avenue: British Empire Building (130,600 sq ft)
• 626 Fifth Avenue: Palazzo d'Italia (120,000 sq ft)
• 630 Fifth Avenue: International Building (1.2 million square ft)
• 636 Fifth Avenue: International Building North (120,000 sq ft)

The above buildings, which are east of Sixth Avenue, are managed by Tishman-Speyer, which co-owns Rockefeller Center. The building to the west of Sixth Avenue are managed and/or co-owned by the Japanese-owned Rockefeller Group:

• 1271 Avenue of the Americas (Time-Life Building)
• 1251 Avenue of the Americas (Originally the Standard Oil [NJ] Building, later Exxon Building)
• 1221 Avenue of the Americas (McGraw-Hill Building)
• 1211 Avenue of the Americas (Originally the Celanese Building, sometimes know as the News Corp. Building)
• 740 Seventh Avenue (Lehman Brothers Building): Building owned by Lehman Brothers, the land by the Rockefeller Group.
• 1251 & 1211 are independently owned and are only managed by the Rockefeller Group.

[edit] Former buildings

• Center Theater (formerly the RKO Roxy Theater; the only building in the orginal Rockefeller Center to be demolished)
• 75 Rockefeller Plaza (originally the Esso Building, later the Time Warner Building)
• AXA Equitable Building (formerly the Sperry Rand Building), 1290 Avenue of Americas
• Hilton New York Hotel & Towers
• For a short time in the late 1950s, the Center also owned the original Roxy Theater. This was done to obtain the air-right to build the Time & Life Building. Once the building went up, the theater was sold and replaced by an office building. This building, while not part of the Center, is now connected to the Time & Life Building through various stairways & doors.

[edit] The underground Concourse

One of the little known but fascinating parts of Rockefeller Center is the underground Concourse. This interconnected series of pedestrian passages stretches from 47th Street to 51st Street, and from 5th Avenue to 7th Avenue. Around the skating rink, access is usually through stairways from the lobbies in the cluster of six landmark buildings. Access can also be gained through the restaurants at the skating rink, via the elevators to the north and south of the rink. The rink itself is on the concourse level.

The longest straight section of concourse is under the sidewalk on the west side of Avenue of the Americas. Here the pedestrian can descend using stairways inside and in front of the Time & Life Building, 1251 Avenue of the Americas, the McGraw Hill Building and 1211 Avenue of the Americas. The corridor east of the avenue to 1290 Avenue of Americas was closed in the late 1970s.

The concourse, New York's largest underground city, contains retail shops, fast food and fine dining. The most interesting areas are the horseshoe corridor around the skating rink, and the two parallel shopping corridors just West from there, under 30 Rockefeller Plaza. In bad weather these corridors offer a convenient way to move between the Rockefeller buildings. There is also access to the B, D, F and V subway lines along 6th Avenue, and the N, R and W station at 7th Avenue and 49th Street (reached by following a winding corridor under the fountain pool, 1251 Avenue of the Americas, and 745 Seventh Avenue). The southern end of the concourse opens into the public area of the 6th Avenue subway station at 47th street.

[edit] Flags

At street level, the plaza has about 200 flagpoles. At varying intervals, the flags of United Nations member countries, the flags of United States states and territories, or various decorative and seasonal flags are flown; during U.S. holidays, every flagpole carries the Flag of the United States.

[edit] Small parks

Two small parks are also part of western Rockefeller Center. Garden Park is located mid-block between 50th Street and 49th Street, behind 1251 Avenue of the Americas. McGraw-Hill Park is located mid-block between 49th and 48th Streets, behind the McGraw Hill building. They form the northern end of a string of mid-block parks that continue further downtown beyond Rockefeller Center. A not-to-be-missed sight is the walk-through fountain in McGraw-Hill park, which flows down a wall mid-park and is pierced by a circular pedestrian pass-through.

[edit] Gallery

Lower Plaza of Rockefeller Center in March 2006.	The GE Building at night	View north from 30 Rock's Top of the Rock.	Christmas at Rockefeller Center
Prometheus at Rockefeller Center	Statue of Atlas	Ice Skating rink

[edit] See also

• Architecture in New York City
• 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center (IND Sixth Avenue Line)

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] Further reading

• Balfour, Alan. Rockefeller Center: Architecture as Theater, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1978.
• Deal, Martha. "Who Posed for the Statue of Prometheus" (Ray Van Cleef and Leon Nole). Iron Game History. Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 34–35.
• Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
• Karp, Walter. The Center: A History and Guide to Rockefeller Center, New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, Inc., 1982.
• Krinsky, Carol Herselle. Rockefeller Center, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
• Loth, David G. The City Within a City: The Romance of Rockefeller Center, New York: Morrow, 1966.
• Okrent, Daniel. Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center, New York: Viking Press, 2003.
• Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908–1958, New York: Doubleday, 1996.
• Roussel, Christine. The Art of Rockefeller Center, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006.

[edit] External links

• Guide to Rockefeller Center
• Top Of The Rock Photo Gallery
• The Rockefeller Group
• Rockefeller Center Webcam
• How to Ruin a Safe Bet; Did Rockefeller Center Financiers Reach Too Far? A 1995 New York Times article analyzing the REIT and the sale of Rockefeller Center.
• Ralph Hancock Landscape Gardner
• Rockefeller Group Business Centers Rockefeller Group Business Centers is a provider of furnished serviced office space on a long or short term basis.
• Pictures of Rockefeller Center and Top of the Rock
• Rockefeller Center Channel Garden Fountains
• Rockefeller Center on Google Street View

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