Robert Evans Snodgrass

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Robert Evans Snodgrass
Born 1875
Died 1962

Robert Evans Snodgrass (R.E. Snodgrass) (1875 - 1962) was an American entomologist and artist who made important contributions to the fields of arthropod morphology, anatomy, evolution, and metamorphosis1.

He was the author of 78 scientific articles and six books2, including Insects, Their Ways and Means of Living (1930) and the book considered to be his crowning achievement3, the Principles of Insect Morphology (1935).


Contents

[edit] Biography

R.E. Snodgrass was born in St. Louis, Missouri on July 5th, 1875, to James Cathcart Snodgrass and Annie Elizabeth Evans Snodgrass, where he lived until he was eight years old1. He was the oldest of three children. His admitted first ambition in life was to be a railway engineer or a Pullman conductor, though frequent visits to the St. Louis Zoo aroused his early interests in zoology1. His first recollections of entomology were recorded by E.B. Thurman1:

The first entomological observation which Dr. Snodgrass recalls is seeing that the legs of grasshoppers, cut off by his father's lawnmower, could still kick while lying on the pavement. This apparently mysterious fact made a strong impression on him, and he decided that sometime he would look into the matter.

In 1883, he and the his family moved to Wetmore, Kansas, where his father worked in a local bank, and young Snodgrass began work as a self-taught taxidermist1. He had a particular interest in birds, even expressing a desire to become an ornithologist, though his family only allowed limited shooting of birds for his mounted collections. At age 15, the family again moved, this time to Ontario, California, where they settled on a 20-acre ranch and grew oranges, prunes, and grapes1. It was here that Snodgrass entered a Methodist preparatory school at the high school level, then known as Chaffey College1. He studied Latin, Greek, French, German, physics, chemistry, and drawing, but notably no biology because the curriculum forbade involving the teaching of biological evolution1. Snodgrass bypassed this problem by reading Darwin, Huxley, and Spencer in his free time1. His openly professed belief in biological evolution caused him personal problems in his relationships at home and eventually resulted in being expelled from church activities in his community1.

In 1895, at the age of 20, Snodgrass entered Stanford University and majored in zoology, taking classes such as general zoology, embryology, entomology with Dr. V.L. Kellogg, ichthyology with then Stanford president Dr. David Starr Jordan, and comparative vertebrate anatomy. His first opportunity to conduct research came from Dr. Kellogg, who set him to work on the biting lice (Mallophaga). The excitement of research, and the prospect for publishing original work led to his giving up the desire to become an orntithologist1, and the publication of his first two science articles (works 1,2). During this time, Snodgrass also participated in his first two field expeditions, the first to the Pibilof Islands led by Dr. Jordan, and the second to the Galapagos Islands, led by Edward Heller1. Snodgrass eventually published seven papers with Heller regarding organisms collected during the Galapagos expedition1 (works 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 16, 19). Snodgrass graduated from Standford University with his A.B. degree in Zoology in 1901.



[edit] Published Works

  • 1. 1868. The mouth parts of the Mallophaga. In Kellog’s New Mallophaga II. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ad ser., vol.6, pp. 434-457
  • 2. 1899. The anatomy of the Mallophaga. In Kellog’s New Mallophaga III. Occ. Pap California Acad. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 145-224, pls. 10-17.
  • 3. 1902. Schistocerca, Sphingonotus, and Halmenus of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 411-454, pls. 26, 27.
  • 4. 1902. The inverted hypopygium of Dasyllis and Laphria. Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 309-400, pl. 5.
  • 5. 1902. (With E. Heller.) The birds of Clipperton and Cocos Islands. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 501-520.
  • 6. 1902. The relation of food to the size and shape of the bill in the Galapagos genus Geospisa. The Auk, vol. 19, pp. 367-381, pls. 11-13.
  • 7. 1902. Field notes on Arachnida of the Galapagos Islands. In Banks’s Arachnida of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 71-80, pl. 3.
  • 8. 1903. The anatomy of the Carolina locust. 50 pp., 6 pls. Washington State College.
  • 9. 1903. Notes on the internal anatomy of Peranabrus scabricollis (Thom.), Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 11, pp. 183-188, pls. 12, 13.
  • 10. 1903. The terminal abdominal segments of female Tipulidae. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 11, pp. 178-183, pls. 10,11.
  • 11. 1903. A list of land birds from central Washington. The Auk, vol. 20, pp. 202-209.
  • 12. 1903. Notes on the anatomy of Geospiza, Cocornis, and Certhidea. The Auk, vol. 20, pp. 402-417, pls. 17-20.
  • 13. 1904. A list of land birds from central and southeastern Washington. The Auk, vol. 21, pp. 223-233.
  • 14. 1904. The hypopygium of the Dolichopodidae. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3rd ser., vol. 3, pp. 273-294, pls. 30-33.
  • 15. 1904. The hypopygium of the Tipulidae. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 30, pp. 179-236, pls. 8-18.
  • 16. 1904. (With E. Heller) Birds of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 231-372.
  • 17. 1905. The coulee cricket of central Washington (Peranbrus scabricollis Thomas). Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 31, pp. 297-307, pl. 8.
  • 18. 1905. A revision of the mouth parts of the Corrodentia and Mallophaga. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 31, pp. 297-307, pl. 8.
  • 19. 1905. (With E. Heller) Shore fishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos, and Galapagos Islands. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 333-427.
  • 20. 1908. A comparative study of the thorax in Orthoptera, Euplexoptera, and Coleoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 9, pp. 95-108, pls. 2-5.
  • 21. 1909. The thoracic tergum in insects. Ent. News, vol. 20, pp. 97-104, pl. 6.
  • 22. 1909. The thorax of insects and the articulation of the wings. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 36. pp. 511-595, pls. 40-69.
  • 23. 1910. The anatomy of the honeybee. U.S. Bur. Ent., Techn. Ser., Bull. 18, 162 pp. 57 figs.
  • 24. 1910. The thorax of the Hymenoptera. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, pp. 37-91, pls. 1-16.
  • 25. 1917. Some of the important pest insects of Indiana. Ninth Ann. Rep. State Entomologist of Indiana, pp. 105-225, 60 figs.
  • 26. 1921. The seventeen year locust. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1919, pp. 381-409, 5 pls.
  • 27. 1921. The mouthparts of the cicada. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 23, pp. 1-15. pls. 1, 2.
  • 28. 1922. The resplendent shield-bearer and the ribbed cocoon maker. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1920, pp. 485-510, 3 pls., 15 figs.
  • 29. 1922. Mandible substitutes in the Dolichopodidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, pp. 148-152, pl. 14.
  • 30. 1923. The fall webworm. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1921, pp. 395-414, 1 pl., 12 figs.
  • 31. 1924. Anatomy and metamorphosis of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pamonella Walsh. Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 28, pp. 1-36, pls. 1-6.
  • 32. 1924. The tent caterpillar. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1924, pp. 329-362, 1 pl., 21 figs.
  • 33. 1925. Cankerworms. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1924, pp. 317-334, 19 figs.
  • 34. 1925. Anatomy and physiology of the honeybee. 327 pp., 108 figs. New York.
  • 35. 1925. Insect musicians, their music and their instruments. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. For 1923, pp. 405-452, 35 figs.
  • 36. 1926. The morphology of insect sense organs and the sensory newvous system. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 77, No. 8, 80 pp., 32 figs.
  • 37. 1926. Review of “Dytiscus marginalis”, first monograph of Bearbeitung einheimischer Tiere, by Dr. E. Korschelt. Ent. News, vol. 37, pp. 24-29.
  • 38. 1926. From an egg to insect. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1925. pp. 373-414, 29 figs.
  • 39. 1927. Morphology and mechanism of the insect thorax. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 80, No. 1, 108 pp., 44 figs.
  • 40. 1927. The head and mouth parts of the cicada. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 29, pp. 1-16, pl. 1.
  • 41. 1928. Morphology and evolution of the insect head and its appendages. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 81. No. 3, 158 pp., 57 figs.
  • 42. 1928. The mind of an insect. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1927, pp. 387-416. 6 figs.
  • 43. 1929. The thoracic mechanism of a grasshopper, and its antecedents. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 82. No. 2, 111 pp., 54 figs.
  • 44. 1930. Insects, their ways and means of living. Smithsonian Scientific Series, vol. 5. 362 pp., 15 pls. in color, 186 text figs.
  • 45. 1930. Review of “Biologie der Hermipteren,” by H. Weber. Ent. News, vol. 41, pp. 275-277.
  • 46. 1930. How insects fly. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1929, pp. 383-421, 25 figs.
  • 47. 1931. Morphology of the insect abdomen, pt. I. General structure of the abdomen and its appendages. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 85, No. 6, 128 pp., 46 figs.
  • 48. 1932. Evolution of the insect head and the organs of feeding. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1931. pp. 443-489, 25 figs.
  • 49. 1933. Morphology of the insect abdomen, pt. II. The genital ducts and the ovipositor. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 89, No. 8, 148 pp., 48 figs.
  • 50. 1933. How the bee stings. The Bee World, vo. 14, pp. 3-6. 6 figs.
  • 51. 1933. Review of “Lehrbuch der Entomologie,” by H. Weber. Ent. News, vol. 44, pp. 166-168.
  • 52. 1935. The abdominal mechanism of a grasshopper. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 94, No. 6, 89 pp., 41 figs.
  • 53. 1935. Principles of Insect Morphology. 667 pp., 319 figs. New York and London.
  • 54. 1935. The muscles of the seventh segment and spiracular plate in the queen and worker of the honeybee. The Bee World, vol. 16, pp. 9-11, 2 figs.
  • 55. 1936. Morphology of the insect abdomen, pt. III. The male genatalia (including arthropods and other than insects). Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 95, No. 14, 96 pp. 29 figs.
  • 56. 1937. The male genitalia of orthopteroid insects. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 96, No. 5, 107 pp., 42 figs.
  • 57. 1938. Review of “Recent advances in entomology,” 2nd ed., by A.D. Imms. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 40, No. 2, pg. 53.
  • 58. 1938. The oral plates and the hypopharynx of Hemiptera, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 40, pp. 228-236, pl. 22.
  • 59. 1938. Evolution of the Annelida, Onychophora, and Arthropoda. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 97, No. 6, 159 pp., 54 figs.
  • 60. 1941. Review of “Embryology of insects and myriapods,” by O.A. Johanssen and F.H. Butt. Science, vol. 93, No. 2411, pp. 257-258.
  • 61. 1941. The male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 99, No. 14, 86 pp., 33 pls.
  • 62. 1942. The skeleton-muscular mechanisms of the honeybee. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 103, No. 2, 120 pp., 32 figs.
  • 63. 1943. The feeding apparatus of biting and disease-carrying flies; a wartime contribution to medical entomology. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 104, No. I, 51 pp., 18 figs.
  • 64. 1944. The feeding apparatus of biting and sucking insects affecting man and animals. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 104, No. 7, 113 pp., 39 figs.
  • 65. 1946. The skeletal anatomy of fleas (Siphonaptera). Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 104, No. 18, 89 pp., 8 text figs., 21 pls.
  • 66. 1947. The insect cranium and the “epicranial suture,” Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 107, No. 7, 52 pp., 13 figs.
  • 67. 1948. The feeding organs of Arachnida, including mites and ticks. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 110, No. 10, 93 pp., 29 figs.
  • 68. 1950. Comparative studies on the jaws of the mandibulate arthropods. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 116, No. 1, 85 pp., 25 figs.
  • 69. 1951. Comparative studies on the head of mandibulate arthropods. 118 pp., 37 figs. Ithaca, N.Y.
  • 70. 1951. Anatomy and morphology. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 59, pp. 71-73.
  • 71. 1952. The sand crab Emerita talpoida (Say) and some of its relatives. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 117, No. 8, 34 pp., 11 figs.
  • 72. 1952. A textbook of arthropod anatomy. 363 pp, 88 figs. Ithaca, N.Y.
  • 73. 1952. The metamorphosis of a fly’s head. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 122, No. 3, 25 pp., 7 figs.
  • 74. 1954. Insect metamorphosis. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 122, No. 9, 124 pp., 17 figs.
  • 75. 1954. The dragonfly larva. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 123, No. 2, 38 pp., 11 figs.
  • 76. 1956. Anatomy of the honeybee. 334 pp., 107 figs. Ithaca, N.Y.
  • 77. 1956. Crustacean metamorphoses. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 131, No. 10, 78 pp., 28 figs.
  • 78. 1957. A revised interpretation of the external reproductive organs of male insects. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 133, No. 6, 60 pp., 15 fgis.
  • 79. 1958. Evolution of arthropod mechanisms. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 138, No. 2, 77 pp., 24 figs.
  • 80. 1959. The anatomical life of the mosquito. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 138, No. 8, 87 pp.
  • 81. 1960. Facts and theories concerning the insect head. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 142, No. 1, 61 pp., 21 figs.
  • 82. 1961. The caterpillar and the butterfly. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 143, No. 6, 51 pp., 17 figs.
  • 83. 1962. Some mysteries of life and existence. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1962. United States Government Printing Office: Washington D.C.
  • 84. 1963. A contribution toward an encyclopedia of insect anatomy. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 146, No. 2, 48 pp.

[edit] References

  • 1. Thurman, E. B. (1959a) Robert Evans Snodgrass, insect anatomist and morphologist. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 137:1-17.
  • 2. Thurman, E. B. (1959b) Bibliography of R. E. Snodgrass between the years 1896 and 1958. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 137: 19-22.
  • 3. Eickwort, G. C. (1993) From the foreword to the 1993 reprinting of Snodgrass, R. E. Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell Press. pp. ix-xi.

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