River Medway

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Medway
River
Medway at Gun Wharf Chatham
Country	England
Regions	West Sussex, Kent
Districts	Mid Sussex, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge and Malling, Medway
Tributaries
- left	Eden, Bourne, Wateringbury Stream, East Malling Stream, other minor streams
- right	Teise, Beult, Loose Stream, Len, other minor streams
Source	Turners Hill
- elevation	489 ft (149 m)
- coordinates	51°10′36″N 0°08′51″W / 51.17667, -0.1475
Mouth	Thames Estuary
- location	Garrison Point, Sheerness, Kent
- coordinates	51°17′04″N 00°17′99″E / 51.28444, 0.31083
Length	70 mi (113 km)
Basin	930 sq mi (2,409 km²)

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Rivers in Kent, showing the Medway.

The River Medway, which is almost entirely in Kent England, flows for 70 miles (113 km) from just inside the West Sussex border to the point where it enters the Thames Estuary.

It has a catchment area of 930 square miles (2,409 km²), the largest in southern England. The map opposite shows only the major tributaries: a more detailed map^[1] shows the extensive network of smaller streams feeding into the main river. Those tributaries rise from points along the North Downs, the Weald and Ashdown Forest.

Man has had an increasing effect on the river for centuries. Historical sites abound; it has formed an important transport link; and the extraction of water power and water supplies, amongst other things, have wrought changes. Nevertheless it still provides a busy tourist and leisure attraction for thousands of people.

[edit] Tributaries

The Medway Estuary at dusk at Lower Upnor in front of the London Stones, vista of mud and yachts, on the left bank is Chatham Dockyard, on the right the Royal Engineers Hard, with Upnor Castle on the treeline.

See also: Rivers of Kent

- The major tributaries are:

• River Eden
• River Bourne, known as the River Shode and River Busty
• River Teise, major sub tributary River Bewl.
• River Beult
• Loose Stream
• River Len

Minor tributaries include:

• The Wateringbury Stream
• The East Malling Stream

Former minor tributaries include the Old Bourne River, that flowed through the Brook, Chatham (not to be confused with the main tributary River Bourne) ^[2]

The river and its tributaries flow through largely rural areas, Tonbridge, Maidstone and Medway being the exceptions. The Medway itself initially flows in a west-east direction south of the North Downs; at the confluence of the River Beult, however, it turns northerly and breaks through the North Downs at the Medway Gap, a steep and narrow valley near Rochester, before its final section to the sea.

[edit] Navigation

See main article Medway Navigation

Allington Lock and Sluice, it is at this point that the river becomes tidal.

Until 1746 the river was impassable above Maidstone. To that point each village on the river had its wharf or wharves: at Halling, Snodland, New Hythe and Aylesford. Cargoes included corn, fodder, fruit, stone and timber.

In 1746 improvements to the channel meant that barges of 40 long tons (41 t) could reach East Farleigh, Yalding and even Tonbridge. In 1828 the channel was further improved to Leigh in 1828. There are eleven locks on the river. The lowest, opened in 1792, is at Allington, and is the extent of tides. The others are East Farleigh, Teston, Hampstead Lane,Stoneham Old Lock (disused),Sluice Weir Lock,Oak Wier Lock East Lock, Porter's, Eldridge's and Town Lock in Tonbridge. The locks will take craft up to 80 feet (24 m) by 18 feet (5.5 m), and vessels with a draft of 4 feet (1.2 m) can navigate the river. The shallowest point is just below Sluice Weir Lock which is prone to silting after heavy rain. ^[3]

Small craft such as canoes can sometimes travel as far as Penshurst. The stretch from Leigh to Allington is known as the Medway Navigation, and is 19 miles (31 km) in length.

[edit] River crossings

The river breaches the North Downs upstream of Rochester, here above the A228, we see the M2 Motorway bridges, and the Raillink bridge as they cross the River Medway.The motorway snakes up the Nashenden Valley, while the rail link tunnels into the Downs.

Until recently the lowest crossing of the Medway was at Rochester, where there has been a bridge since Roman times. In the 14th century, the Wardens and Commonalty of Rochester Bridge were instituted by Sir John de Cobham to pay for the rebuilding and upkeep of the bridge. Until 1963, the nearest crossing to Rochester Bridge was the 14th century bridge at Aylesford, 12 miles (19 km) upstream. Since then the following additional crossings have come into use:

• 1963 A viaduct over the river was built south of Rochester to carry the first section of the M2 motorway. In 2003 this was widened to two separate spans.
• Between 1963 and 1996 the M20 was built so a bridge by default was built over the Medway south of Aylesford.
• 1996 The Medway Tunnel became the river's lowest crossing, connecting Gillingham to Strood. The four-lane tunnel was constructed using the immersed tube method, and was partially paid for by Rochester Bridge Trust, the current form of the Wardens and Commonalty.
• 2003 A 0.8 miles (1.3 km) railway bridge, with a central span of 498 feet (152 m), was constructed for High Speed 1. The railway bridge lies parallel to the M2 motorway bridges.

Two other major crossings are at Tonbridge where two bridges carry the A227 road and a rail link over the river.

[edit] Flooding

The middle section of the Medway above Tonbridge, because of the many tributaries entering the river in this stretch, has always been subject to extensive flooding. The town itself has suffered frequent flooding over the centuries - so much so that the higher part of the town to north is called Dryhill. Flood protection measures have therefore had priority. In 1981, a flood barrier was constructed near Leigh to protect Tonbridge, which had been severely affected by the flooding of 1968. During periods of high flow, the downstream flow is controlled by allowing up to 1 square mile (2.6 km²) of farmland upstream of the barrier to flood.

[edit] Footpaths

The Medway Valley Walk follows the river from Rochester to Tonbridge along the bank most of the way above Allington. It starts on the Saxon Shore Way at Rochester. The North Downs Way crosses the river using the Medway Viaduct or motorway bridge. The Greensand Way crosses the river at Yalding. At West Peckham, it is joined by the Wealdway which continues through Tonbridge, thus linking with the Eden Valley Walk. Maidstone Millennium River Park is a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) walk from Teston Country Park to the Museum of Kent Life at Sandling. The park, built between 1998 and 2001 has reansformed 18 acres (7.3 ha) of wasteland and led to the construction o three new footbridges over the river.^[4]

[edit] History

Much of the information in this paragraph is taken from Frank Jessup's book ^[5]

Ancient sites abound throughout the length of the River Medway. The area around Aylesford is a particularly important Stone Age site: the Medway megaliths are a group of Neolithic chamber tombs including the Coldrum Stones and Kit's Coty House. Bronze Age ornaments and beakers have been found all along the river; and burial sites and other finds come from the pre-Roman Iron Age. The Romans have left evidence of many villas in the lower Medway Valley; and burial sites of the Jutes have also been found.

The Domesday Book records many manors in the Medway valley. Castles became a feature of the landscape: Rochester, Allington, Leeds, and West Malling being some of them.

Two military actions are named after the river: the Battle of the Medway (CE43, during the Roman invasion of Britain; the other, the Raid on the Medway, took place in 1667 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

In the eighteenth century Samuel Ireland published a illustrated book about a journey up the River Medway ^[6], although he travels no further than the River Bewl at Bayham Abbey. The book contains a map, which shows some of the tributaries (unnamed). The illustrations of the river include the castles at Queenborough, Upnor, Leybourne, Tonbridge and Hever; Penshurst Place; and the bridges at Teston , Maidstone , Aylesford, East Farleigh, Barming, Branbridges and Tonbridge. The hop fields in the vicinity of the latter are also described; and the course of the River Len, which then supplied Maidstone with its water supply. The book states that Within about two miles of Tunbridge the Medway branches out into several small streams, five of which unite at the town”)” … having each its stone bridge. (the river is of course flowing in the opposite direction).

The Thames and Medway Canal, linking the Medway at Strood to Gravesend was completed in 1824, but it was a not commercial success: by 1849 the South Eastern Railway had taken over the tunnel. the western part of the canal remained in use until 1934.

Frindsbury Church above the former entrance to the Thames and Medway Canal

In 1942 the world's first test of a submarine oil pipeline was conducted on a pipeline laid across the Medway in Operation Pluto.

[edit] Culture and the river

The Medway's 'marriage' to the Thames is given extensive treatment in the 16th century byEdmund Spenser's Faerie Queene in the 16th century (Book IV, Canto xi). Joseph Conrad describes the view up the Medway from the Thames Estuary in The Mirror of the Sea (1906).

For the 1999 film The Mummy the river was filmed at Chatham Dockyard, in an imitation of a “port at Cairo”. The scene is brief but involves the main protagonists departing on their mission to the city of the dead.

Every year a festival is held in Maidstone to celebrate the River Medway. Maidstone River Festival, which has been running since 1980, is held on the last Saturday of July. It features events on and around the river and attracts thousands to Kent's county town..^[7]

Medway Flows Softly is a song by prominent local folk/rock singer Doug Hudson,

^[8] who is musical director to the the Rochester Sweeps Festival.

[edit] The Medway, "Kentish Men" and "Men of Kent"

The Medway is said to divide the county of Kent into two parts: this may allude to the fact that, since AD 604, there have been two dioceses: Canterbury and Rochester, whose jurisdiction covered much of everyday life. The tradition has grown up, and today is kept alive by the Association of Men of Kent and Kentish Men, that those born in West Kent - the area north of the river, but including Maidstone, Gillingham other than Rainham, Rochester and Chatham - are labelled Kentish Men (or Maids); while those born in East Kent are Men of Kent (or Maids). This labelling applies equally to those born in those parts of the traditional county absorbed into London in the 1880s.

[edit] Watermills

Man has harnessed the power of the Medway for a millennium or more. Waterwheels and turbines powered by the waters of the Medway and its tributaries have been used by man to mill corn, make paper, make cloth, smelt iron, pump water and generate electricity. There are over two hundred sites on the Medway where such useage is known. Today, only one mill is working for a commercial trade.

See Medway watermills, Medway watermills (upper tributaries), Medway watermills (middle tributaries) and Medway watermills (lower tributaries) for details of the watermills.

[edit] Gallery

The Medway flows through Tonbridge using many channels. The South Eastern Main Line crosses the Medway.	The Botany stream, forms another channel in Tonbridge.	Tonbridge Castle a motte and bailey castle from 1066.	The River Medway passes Tonbridge Castle and passes under Big Bridge.
Oak Weir Lock	River Bourne enters the Medway	Sluice Weir, right is the lock	The sluice at Yalding
Hampstead Lane Lock, Yalding	Bow Bridge, Wateringbury	Teston Lock	Upstream from Teston Bridge
Grain and Thamesport, from Horrid Hill,Gillingham.	The Grain Tower at low tide.	The mouth of the Medway, looking from Grain to Sheerness.	And into the Thames, youngsters at Grain with Southend in the distance.

[edit] See also

• Rivers of Great Britain
• Rivers of Kent
• Gillingham
• Chatham
• Rochester
• The London Stones in Upnor

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Hadfield, Charles (1969). The Canals of South and South East England. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4693-8. 

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

River Medway

• Map of the Medway catchment area
• Detailed navigation information
• Leigh Flood Barrier page from the EA
• Flood protection measures
• Medway Valley Countryside Partnership