River Darent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| River Darent | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Origin | Hills south of Westerham
TQ 450 519 |
| Mouth | River Thames
TQ 541 780 |
| Length | 21 miles (34 km) |
The River Darent or River Darenth or Dartford Creek is a Kentish tributary of the River Thames in England. Its name is believed to be from a Celtic word meaning 'river where oak-trees grow' (compare "Derwent"). Fed by springs in the greensand hills south of Westerham in Kent[1] and Limpsfield Chart in Surrey it flows for 21 miles (34 km) eastwards and then northwards past the villages of Otford and Shoreham, past the castle and ruined Roman villa at Lullingstone, past Eynsford, Farningham, Horton Kirby, South Darenth, Sutton-at-Hone, Darenth, and through the large town of Dartford. North of Dartford the Darent receives the waters of the River Cray from the west as it passes through Dartford Marshes and Crayford Marshes, where it forms a boundary between Greater London and Kent (and specifically, the London Borough of Bexley and the borough of Dartford). The Darent joins the Thames near Crayford Ness.[2][3][4]
As its name suggests, Dartford ('Tarentefort' in the Domesday Book) was once a fording place over the Darent where it crossed the road from London to the Kent coast. There are records of a ford operating in Roman times. A ferry, operated by a hermit, was established there by 1235. The post of hermit continued until 1518, long after the first bridge was built (a footbridge, constructed during the reign of Henry IV (1399-1413) and surviving until the mid-eighteenth century). The landscapes of the river's valley were painted in a visionary manner by the early Victorian artist Samuel Palmer.
The river is largely small and peaceful, a surprise given the breadth of the valley it has cut out. Apparently the 'proto-Darent' was formerly much larger than the present day but the River Medway, through erosion of the soft chalk and clays of the North Downs/Western Weald, has captured much of the headwaters that once supplied the Darent.[5]
The river was used for trade and in 1835 approximately 50,000 to 60,000 tons per annum were being carried on the river. The size of the river limited single cargoes to 50 long tons (51 t) even on spring tides and as a result a ship canal was proposed. The proposal was unable to overcome its critics and as a result in 1839 an alternative based on dredging the river and a few short cuts was taken up. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1840 allowing construction to start and tolls to be levied once the work was complete. The project was completed in 1844 and included shortening the upper part of the navigation through the use of a cut and dredging.[2]
By 1989 it was realised that the flow of the river was decreasing dramatically, when it was officially recognised as the 'lowest flow' river in the country. Wildlife was being destroyed. Since then much work has been carried out to rectify the situation, including shutting down of a number of boreholes along its length, by the Environment Agency. A sculpture was unveiled in 2004 to celebrate the renewed life of the river, depicting the wildlife which has been saved.
[edit] Watermills
The River Darent powered a number of watermills. From source to mouth they are:
[edit] Westerham Mill
The miller at this corn mill in 1771 was James Marchane, who was joined by his son James. James Jr died in 1805 and James Sr died c.1812. The mill was sketched by G. Samuel in 1818. It had an overshot waterwheel.[3][6][7]
[edit] Tower Wood Mill
A long lost mill site, the mill had an overshot waterwheel.[6][8]
[edit] Squerryes Mill, Westerham
A lost mill site, the mill had an overshot waterwheel.[3][6][9]
[edit] Brasted Mill
This was a corn mill, now converted to a dwelling. The cast iron waterwheel was breast shot. In September 1812, James Weight, miller of Brasted, was claiming relief for himself, his wife and five children. A man by the name of Staples who went by the name of Chapman had leased the mill in Brasted in 1812; he claimed relief in January 1815.[3][10]
[edit] Valence Pump, Brasted
There was a pump powered by a breastshot waterwheel in Brasted.[6]
[edit] Sundridge Mill
This was a paper mill. In December 1822 Nicholas Tapsfield, papermaker of Sundridge was claiming relief for himself and his wife Mary. He had been apprenticed at a paper mill at East Malling. In December 1831, Thomas Green, papermaker of Sundridge was claiming relief for himself, his wife and five children. He had been apprenticed in 1804 to William Dacie at a paper mill in Bermondsey, then to a Mr Hall in St. Mary Cray when Dacie retired. In March 1832, Henry Sparks, papermaker of Sundridge was claiming relief for himself, wife Susanna and five children. He had been apprenticed to Messrs. Smith & Knight at Godalming in 1796, serving only four years. In May 1839, Henry Thomas, papermaker of Sundridge was claiming relief for himself. He had been a papermaker all his working life. Sundridge Mill was standing in 1920.[3][10]
[edit] Chipstead Mill, Chevening
This was a corn mill; it worked until after World War II.[3]
[edit] Whitley Mill, Chevening
This was a corn mill.[6]
[edit] Longford Mill, Dunton Green
This was a corn mill built in 1859, it had a cast iron overshot waterwheel driving three pairs of millstones. Electricity replaced water power between the wars, and the mill last worked in 1947. The stones of the mill were said to have been caused to run backwards at one time through the mill being bewitched.[3][6][8][11]
[edit] Otford Mill
There was a watermill in Otford in 1541. The last mill on this site was a corn mill with two waterwheels. It was latterly used as a saw mill and burnt down on 7 January 1924. A picture of the mill can be seen here. The breastshot waterwheel remained in 1930.[3][6][12][13]
[edit] Upper Mill, Shoreham
This was the site of a fulling mill belonging to Palsters Manor. It was bought by the Passele family in the fourteenth century. The manor passed to Francis Sandbach in 1578 and was willed to John Polhill. He bought the fulling mill in 1602. The last mill on the site was a paper mill; it was demolished in 1936.[3][12][14]
[edit] Lower Mill, Shoreham
[edit] Wood Mill, Eynsford
This was a corn mill with an undershot waterwheel; it stood just downstream of Eynsford Bridge.[3][6]
[edit] Eynsford Paper Mill
This paper mill was founded in the late seventeenth century by Hugenot refugees. It was working until 1952 but has now been demolished.[3]
[edit] Farningham Mill
A mill has been on this site since Domesday. In the fifteenth century the mill was in the possession of the Roper family, Sir Anthony Roper being charged with "pulling down and allowing the watermill to decay and become uninhabited" in 1636. He was ordered to rebuild the mill within two years. The present building built by the Colyers dates to c.1780. The mill was a corn mill; the converted building survives. A curious feature is that the door on the north side of the east face is painted on, to look symmetrical with the real door. The mill was latterly worked by a turbine which drove a saw mill in its final years of operation. The mill last worked for trade in 1900.[3][12][15]
[edit] Devon Mill
[edit] Westminster Mill, Horton Kirby
This was a corn mill which stood upstream of the paper mill. Henry Knight was a miller in Horton who died in 1724 and Thomas Welch was a miller in Horton who died in 1734. George Cannon took the mill in the early 1830s. In 1843 he was bankrupt as a common brewer, an occupation he carried on along with the mill. Ill health forced his retirement in 1852, and the mill was bought by his brother Stephen. His son, also Stephen, was running Old Mill from 1850, then being 14 years old. Stephen Cannon (father) died in 1872 and Stephen Cannon (son) sold Westminster Mill and Old Mill in order to concentrate the milling business at a mill in Bexley. Latterly the waterwheel was replaced by a turbine and the mill generated electricity. The mill burnt down when struck by lightning in 1908 and was rebuilt as a factory which made shoe laces. The factory closed down in 1991 and the mill has been demolished and the site redeveloped as housing.[3][4][16][17][18][19]
[edit] Horton Kirby Paper Mill
TQ 563 695
This mill is under the viaduct of the Chatham Main Line railway. In 1700 there were two corn mills and a forge here. The mill was rebuilt by Henry Hall in 1820 as a paper mill. Paper from this mill was used to print The Sphere and The Tatler; photographs of the paper making process at the mill were used in the first edition of The Children's Encyclopedia. Henry Hall was the proprietor in 1840. An illustration of the machine house c.1880 can be seen here. The mill has a chimney 230 feet (70 m) high, which is a listed building. The mill was last used as a factory and closed in 2003, with plans being put forward for conversion to housing use in 2005.[3][16][18][20][21][22][23]
[edit] South Darenth (Old, Sutton at Hone) Mill
TQ 563 698
This corn mill stood at Old Mill Farm. It was built by Thomas Edmeads in the early 1800s. In 1806 the tenant millers were Stephen and George Cannon. The Cannon brothers were declared bankrupt in May 1816 but discharged their debts and returned to milling. George Cannon was again declared bankrupt in 1823. Stephen Cannon had three sons William, George and Stephen. They all learnt the milling trade at his mill.
Stephen Cannon later bought the mill and it passed to his daughter Harriet on his death on 27 February 1856. The mill remained in the Cannon family until 1872, and the mill house until 1888. It was standing in 1910. The waterwheel had gone by 1946. Latterly the mill had a steam engine and a tall chimney.[3][17][24]
[edit] Hawley Mills
A site mentioned in Domesday, the mills here were held by the manor of Bignoures and belonged to the Knights of St. John in the Middle Ages, being let at a peppercorn rent to the Prioress of Dartford Nunnery. A wheat mill and a malt mill were released to one George Tasser in 1534. William Vaughan received them from the Crown in 1546 and the mills reverted to the Crown when he died in 1580. The two mills were granted to John Spilman (later Sir John Spilman) by the Crown in 1581.
In 1588, Spilman converted the corn mill into a paper mill, and obtained a monopoly for his paper by manipulating the favour and patronage of successive monarchs. Thomas Churchyard wrote a long poem in 1588, the first description of the papermaking process. Spielman employed 600 men, mainly Germans. The mills remained in the Spilman family until 1679, then a Mr Blackman was the owner in 1686 but he was bankrupt by 1739. Messrs. Pike and Edsall purchased the mill and converted it into a gunpowder mill.There were explosions here in 1745, 1790, 1795, 1796, 1799 and 1833. These killed at least forty people. Edsall went bankrupt in 1778 and the mills were purchased by Messrs Pingou and Andrews. The mill was a papermill by 1840, when William Wiggins was the owner.
The malt mill was not required by Spilman, and he leased it to Godfrey Box of Liège. He erected an iron rolling and slitting mill (for the manufacture of nails; the first in England) between 1590 and 1595, which by 1758 had two waterwheels, one working the upper roller, the other working the lower rollers and a guillotine. A company of "white paper makers" was established here in 1694 and during the eighteenth century the mill was owned by a Mr Quelch.[3][23][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
[edit] Colyers (Orchards) Mill, Dartford
A long lost mill site. In 1217 King John granted a mill worth 100/- a year, situated in Dartford to Michael de Wallensi and in 1221 William, Prior of Rochester, granted to Alan Martel, Prior of the Knights Templars, half an acre of land by the mill. The mill belonged to the Bishop of Rochester in 1253 and in 1299 was known as Orchard's mill, being then privately owned. Henry Colyer was the miller in 1840.[23][28][33]
[edit] Victoria Mills, Dartford
Victoria Mills stood on the site of a fifteenth centry fulling mill and an old wire mill, mentioned by William Lambarde in 1570 as a glazing mill. This was used for polishing armoured plate. In the early nineteenth century there were three mills here; an oil mill, a mustard mill and a corn mill in the late eighteenth century it was owned by a Mr Fomereau and worked by the Loder family. The corn mill was a four storey wood structure built in 1790. In the early nineteenth century, miller James Hard was appointed miller to King George IV. It had a wrought iron breast shot waterwheel of 20' diameter driving four pairs of millstones.[3][28][34][35][36]
[edit] Phoenix Mill, Dartford
This was the furthermost mill on the Darent. About 1650 one John Brown erected a "brassell" mill for splitting iron into rods and nails. Nicholas Tooke owned the mill in 1656 followed by Charles Mauum from 1687 to 1719 and then Messrs. Cooke and Coolson in 1779. The brassell mill gave way to a saw mill, then in 1790 a seven storey cotton mill was built. This burnt down in 1795 and a smaller building, the Phoenix Mill was erected in 1797. George Willding was the miller and Messrs Saunders and Harrison were mustard makers here in 1840. William Masters was a workman here until his death in 1873, and has a memorial in Horton Kirby church. It was a paper mill and closed in 1889.[19][23][34][37]
[edit] Tributaries.
Various tributaries feed into the River Darent. They also powered a number of watermills.
[edit] Watermills on the tributaries
[edit] Whitley Mill, Sevenoaks
This mill stood deep in woodland west of Sevenoaks. It was held by Ralph Bosville of Bradbourne Manor in the sixteenth century. The mill was in existence until at least the mid-nineteenth century.[8]
[edit] Ightham
A tributary rising near St. Cleres is reputed to have driven a watermill, possibly the one at Ightham recorded in 1322 as the property of William Inge.[8][38]
[edit] Kemsing
This mill was on the tributary that drove the mill at Ightham. Kemsing is reputed to be the site of a Roman watermill (TQ 543 586 ) at Springhead, which was excavated in 1949.[39][40]
[edit] Greatness Mill, Sevenoaks
An old mill site, in 1381 a mill at Gretnarsche was in the possession of John Colepeper. The mills were later in the ownership of the Fane/Vane family, being known as "Gretness-mylls" in the 1550s, being two water corn mills. John Thorpe (miller?) was living at Greatness Mill at the time of his death in 1835. This corn mill was working until after World War II. The building is of weatherboard on a steel frame on a brick base, replacing an earlier mill that burnt down.[8][41][42][43]
[edit] Greatness Silk Mill, Sevenoaks
This mill was built in 1761 by Peter Nouaille, who came into the possession of the manorial watermill on marrying Elizabeth de la Mare of Greatness. It stood downstream of the corn mill. Nouaille went bankrupt in 1778 but recovered, employing 100 people when he retired in 1800. The mill had a breastshot waterwheel. It closed down after Nouaille's death sometime before 1833.[6][8][12]
[edit] Bradbourne Mill, Sevenoaks
This was a corn mill. On 24 October 1545 Brodebourne Mill was granted by Henry VIII to William Darkenolde for 21 years at £6.13s.4d per annum. The King finding the timber for the repair of the mill. In 1557, Ralph Bosville bought the mill. In 1592, Henry Bosville died, leaving his manor of Bradbourne, and a "water grist mill" in the tenure of Richard Phillipes and a "Sythe Mill" in the occupation of Chapman amongst his property.[6][44][45][46][47]
[edit] Fords
There were a number of fords on the River Darent.
[edit] Shoreham
TQ 5205 6165
There was a ford by the bridge in the village.
[edit] Eynsford
TQ 539 655
Eynsford is famous for its ford by the old packhorse bridge.[48]
[edit] Farningham
There was a ford at Farningham, now replaced by a bridge.[15][49]
[edit] Dartford
There was a ford in Dartford in Roman times, Dartford being a contraction of Darent-ford. The ford was still in existence in 1840.[23]
[edit] References
- ^ Ordnance Survey. Explorer 147 Sevenoaks & Tonbridge [map], Get-a-Map online edition. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
- ^ a b Hadfield, Charles (1983). The Canals of South and South East England, pp57-58. ISBN 0 7153 4693 8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Wood, Frederick G (1969). Let's Explore the River Darent. Gillingham, Kent.: Meresborough Books. ISBN 0 905270 770.
- ^ a b Horton Kirby (PDF)
- ^ Stone Museum of Geology
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mills Archive
- ^ Felbridge History Group
- ^ a b c d e f Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p138. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Mills archive names the Westerham mills as Elm View, Darent and Spring Shaw mills.
- ^ a b Rootsweb
- ^ Coles Finch, William (1933). Watermills & Windmills. London WC1: C W Daniel Company, pp40-41.
- ^ a b c d Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p139. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Otford
- ^ Polhill
- ^ a b Farningham PC
- ^ a b Fuller & Spain (1986). Watermills (Kent and the Borders of Sussex). Maidstone: Kent Archaeological Society, p77. ISBN 0 906746 08 6.
- ^ a b Bexley Local Studies
- ^ a b Horton Kirby
- ^ a b Kent Archaeology
- ^ Abandoned Past
- ^ Sevenoaks DC
- ^ BBC
- ^ a b c d e Pigots 1840 directory
- ^ Fuller & Spain (1986). Watermills (Kent and the Borders of Sussex). Maidstone: Kent Archaeological Society, p119. ISBN 0 906746 08 6.
- ^ Jevons
- ^ Dartford Archive
- ^ Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p140. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ a b c Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p141. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p27. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p29. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Fuller & Spain (1986). Watermills (Kent and the Borders of Sussex). Maidstone: Kent Archaeological Society, p73. ISBN 0 906746 08 6.
- ^ Dartford Archive
- ^ Dartford Archive
- ^ a b Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p143. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p21. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Reid, Kenneth (1987). Watermills of the London Countryside, Vol 1. Cheddar, Somerset, UK: Charles Skilton Ltd., p28. ISBN 0284 39165 4.
- ^ Dartford BC
- ^ Fehls
- ^ Achaeologica Cantiana Vol LXXXI
- ^ Kent Archaeological Review
- ^ Kent Archaeology
- ^ Kent Archaeology
- ^ Boorman
- ^ Ralph Bosville
- ^ Bradbourne Mill Indenture
- ^ Bosville
- ^ Bosville PM
- ^ Wetroads
- ^ Fehls
[edit] External links
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