Ring-opening polymerization
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In polymer chemistry, ring-opening polymerization is a form of addition polymerization, in which the terminal end of a polymer acts as a reactive center, where further cyclic monomers join to form a larger polymer chain through ionic propagation. The treatment of some cyclic compounds with catalysts brings about cleavage of the ring followed by polymerization to yield high-molecular-weight polymers. Exemplary polymers produced by this method include Nylon 6 and polyethylene oxide.
When the reactive center of the propagating chain is a carbocation the polymerization is called cationic ring-opening polymerization and when the active center is a carbanion the reaction is an anionic ring-opening polymerization.
A different type of ring-opening polymerization, based on olefin metathesis, uses catalysts rather than cationic or anionic propagation.
One example of an anionic ring-opening polymerization is the living polymerization of the aziridine N-methanesulfonyl-2-methylaziridine with the sulfonamide N-benzyl methanesulfonamide (1) and potassium hexamethyldisilazide (2)(Fig. 1) [1]. The disilazide actives the anionic initiator by proton exchange which reacts in chain initiation with an aziridine monomer in a ring-opening reaction (DMF, 40°C). In the chain propagation step the negatively charged end of the growing polymer chain continues to react with monomer until it is depleted. The reaction is chain terminated when methanol is added and the active chain end is destroyed. The polymerization is considered living because the polydispersity is low and no evidence is found of branching. In this particular concept the sulfonyl groups can be removed by organic reduction with naphthalene (7), lithium metal and methanol to the free polyamine 8. This procedure offers an alternative to a cationic ring-opening polymerization of oxazolines with anionic initiators and subsequent acid hydrolysis of the acyl groups.
[edit] References
- ^ Living Ring-Opening Polymerization of N-Sulfonylaziridines: Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Linear Polyamines Ian C. Stewart, Cameron C. Lee, Robert G. Bergman, and F. Dean Toste J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2005; 127(50) pp 17616 - 17617; (Communication) DOI: 10.1021/ja0554357 Abstract Article link
