Riga Offensive (1944)

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For the World War I German offensive, see Riga Offensive (1917) .


Riga Offensive Operation
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II
Date September 14, 1944 – October 24, 1944
Location Latvia
Result Soviet Victory
Belligerents
Nazi Germany Flag of the Soviet Union Soviet Union
Commanders
Ferdinand Schoerner
(Army Group North)		 Flag of the Soviet Union Hovhannes Bagramyan
Andrei Yeremenko
Ivan Maslennikov

The Riga Offensive (known in (Russian: Рижская наступательная операция, the Riga Offensive Operation — its formal Soviet title) was part of the larger Baltic Offensive on the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place late in 1944, and drove German forces from much of what is today Latvia.

Contents

[edit] Prelude

Soviet forces had advanced towards the Baltic coast at the end of their highly successful Belorussian Offensive (Operation Bagration), during July and August 1944, and at one point had broken through to the Gulf of Riga. During August, German forces had mounted a counter-attack, Operation Doppelkopf, but by the next month the Soviet Fronts were ready to resume their attack in the Baltic Offensive. One of the sub-operations of this plan, the Tallinn Offensive Operation, saw Soviet forces take the Estonian capital, while the German Army Group North's commander, Ferdinand Schoerner, pulled his troops out of most of Estonia in Operation Aster. The parallel Riga Offensive would see Soviet forces apply further pressure on Army Group North, which still held much of Latvia.

[edit] Deployments

[edit] Red Army

Elements of:

[edit] Wehrmacht

[edit] The offensive

The Soviet forces launched a ferocious attack on the Riga axis on September 14, 1944. Within 4 days, the German Sixteenth Army had suffered serious damage, while in the Eighteenth Army's sector, ten of the eighteen German divisions had been reduced to Kampfgruppe level. [1] As early as September 15, the 3rd Baltic Front had ruptured the German lines in the east, while from the south the 43rd Army was threatening the approaches to Riga itself, where the German X Corps had been shattered.[1] Schoerner began to move his divisions into the Courland peninsula, intending to shorten the front and pull back from Riga. A counter-attack was carried out by the XXXIX Panzer Corps of Third Panzer Army, temporarily placed under Schoerner's overall command, but the Soviet opposition was too strong.[2]

In the meantime, Stavka had been preparing a new axis of attack under the cover of a further push towards Riga, the new plan being put forward in a directive of September 24.[3]. On September 27, the Sixteenth Army began to report Soviet traffic away from its front, to the south-west.[1] In fact, several major Soviet force concentrations (notably the 4th Shock and 51st Armies) were being shifted southwards in preparation for a major thrust westwards towards Memel by the 1st Baltic Front. German intelligence detected the movement of several of the armies involved, but were unable to detect their destination.[4]

The resulting offensive, the Memel Offensive Operation, was launched on October 5; Bagramyan's 1st Baltic Front shattered the Third Panzer Army, finally severing the land connection between the German Army Group Centre and Army Group North. Schoerner's forces around Riga and in Courland were now cut off.

On October 9, Schoerner signalled that he would attack towards Memel and try and re-establish the land connection if Riga could be evacuated.[5] Soviet forces were again moving forwards outside Riga, and brought the city within the range of artillery fire on October 10. Leaving a screening force of the 227th Infantry Division and the guns of the 6th Motorized Anti-Aircraft Division, the Eighteenth Army retreated through Riga into Courland, destroying bridges on its route.[5] Riga was taken by forces of the 3rd Baltic Front on October 13. Over the next few days Soviet units were reported in action to the west of Riga, stating that German forces had been cleared from the eastern bank of the Lielupe River by October 17.[6]

[edit] Aftermath

Army Group North had been driven into the Courland Pocket, where it remained isolated until the end of the war in Europe.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Mitcham, p.150
  2. ^ Mitcham, p.148
  3. ^ Glantz, p.433
  4. ^ Glantz, p.440
  5. ^ a b Mitcham, p.152
  6. ^ RIA Novosti Archive


[edit] References

  • Glantz, D. Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War, Frank Cass, London, 1989, ISBN 0-7146-3347-X
  • Mitcham, S. German Defeat in the East 1944 - 45, Stackpole, 2007, ISBN 0811733718