User:Richardshusr/Transcriptions of the Tetragrammaton
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The Tetragrammaton (Greek: τετραγράμματον; "word with four letters") is the usual reference to the Hebrew name for God, which is spelled (in the Hebrew alphabet): י (yodh) ה (heh) ו (vav) ה (heh) or יהוה (reading right to left = YHVH, or with the Biblical Hebrew pronunciation, YHWH). It is the distinctive personal name of the God of Israel.
Of all the names of God, the one which occurs most frequently in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton, appearing 6,823 times, according to the Jewish Encyclopedia. The Biblia Hebraica and Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia texts of the Hebrew Scriptures each contain the Tetragrammaton 6,828 times.
In Judaism, the Tetragrammaton is the ineffable Name of God, and is therefore not to be spoken, except by the High Priest within the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem on Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement). In the reading aloud of the scripture or in prayer, it is replaced with Adonai ("My Lords", commonly rendered as "The LORD" in most modern English translations), though occasionally replaced with "Elohim" (GOD). Other written forms such as י (yod) ה (heh) (YH or Yah) are in fact pronounced during prayer.
Outside of direct prayer, the word "’ǎdônây" (אֲדֹנָי) is not spoken by some Jews, because it risks violating the third of the Ten Commandments not to improperly or casually use any name of the Lord (Exodus 20:6). Therefore, the word is often read as HaShêm (הַשֵּׁם) (literally, "The Name") or in some cases ’ǎdô-Shêm, a composite of ’ǎdônây and HaShêm. A similar rule applies to the word ’ělôhîym ("God"), which some Jews intentionally mispronounce as ’ělôkîym for the same reason. (In a process analogous to the "euphemism treadmill", a prosaic substitute for the Tetragrammaton during one historical period may acquire sanctity and thus itself be considered too holy for ordinary use in subsequent periods.) Also, but for different halakhic (Jewish legal) reasons, many Jews do not dispose of anything containing the Tetragrammaton in writing in any normal fashion. Such items must be placed in a genizah, where they are stored and later buried in a cemetery. (See Deuteronomy 12:3-4, the basis for never destroying or defacing any holy object.)
The editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon state that יְהֹוָה occurs 6518 times in the Masoretic Text. Although that text underlies all editions of the King James Bible, JEHOVAH only occurs 4 times in current editions of the King James Bible: Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2 and Isaiah 26:4 (all in capital letters; it also occurs three times in place-names). Instead of YHWH or Jehovah, the expression "The Lord" (with the word "Lord" all in capital letters) has commonly been used in most English-language Bible translations.
Some modern scholars believe that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton may have been lost somewhere in the first millennium, when the Jewish people stopped saying the Name, out of fear of violating the commandment "You shall not take the name of YHWH your God in vain" (Exodus 20:7)
Parts of the Talmud, particularly those dealing with Yom Kippur, seem to imply that the tetragrammaton should be pronounced in multiple different ways, with only one (not explicated in the text, and apparently kept by oral tradition by the Kohen Gadol) being the personal name of God.
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[edit] Meaning
When Moses asks, in response to the calling of God, "Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, 'The God of your forefathers has sent me to you,' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' Then what shall I tell them?" (Exodus 3:13) God responds, "I AM who AM" or "I Shall Be That Which I Shall Be" (אהיה אשר אהיה).(Exodus 3:13) This phrase reveals the meaning of the Tetragrammaton when "I AM (אהיה)" is replaced by the Tetragrammaton: "So shall you say to the Children of Israel, 'I AM has sent me to you'" (Exodus 3:14). "So shall you say to the Children of Israel, 'YHWH, the God of your forefathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob has sent me to you.' This is MY NAME forever, the name by which I am to be remembered from generation to generation"(Exodus 3:15).
According to one Jewish tradition, the Tetragrammaton is related to the causative form, the imperfect state, of the Hebrew verb הוה (ha·wah, "to be, to become"), meaning "He will cause to become" (usually understood as "He causes to become"). Compare the many Hebrew and Arabic personal names which are 3rd person singular imperfective verb forms starting with "y", e.g. Hebrew Yôsêph = Arabic Yazîd = "He [who] adds"; Hebrew Yiḥyeh = Arabic Yahyâ = "He [who] lives".
[edit] The first English Transcriptions of "יְהֹוָה"
The first English translators to transcribe God's name into English had no reason to believe that the vowel points of "יְהֹוָה" might be incorrect, so they transcribed "יְהֹוָה" into English just as it was written [i.e. Iehouah [AD 1530] and Iehovah [1611] and Jehovah [1769]
Iehouah[1] is the first English transcription of God's name and is found a small number of times in Tyndale's Pentateuch, which was written in 1530.
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- In the year 1530 the English letter "u", when being used as a consonant, was pronounced like the English letter "v" is pronounced today.
IEHOVAH [in all capital letters] is the 1611 English transcription of the Biblical Hebrew name יְהֹוָה.[2]
"IEHOVAH" [in all capital letters]. In the King James bible of 1611, the tetragrammaton is predominantly translated (over 6,500 times) as LORD or GOD, all in capital letters e.g. Exodus 6:2, Psalm 110:1, Psalm 113:1, Proverbs 18:10, et al. Four times it is transcribed as JEHOVAH: Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2, and Isaiah 26:4.
[edit] Transcription as Jehovah
The following works, either always or sometimes, transcribe the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah:
- The King James (Authorized) Version, 1611: i.e. four times as the personal name of God, and three times in combination names: Gen 22:14; Exodus 17:15; Judges 6:24
- The American Standard Version, 1901 edition, consistently renders the Tetragrammaton as Je-ho’vah in all 6,823 places where it occurs in the Old Testament.
- The New English Bible, published by Oxford University Press, 1970, e.g. Gen 22:14; Exodus 3:15,16; 6:3; 17:15; Judges 6:24
- The Living Bible, published by Tyndale House Publishers, Illinois 1971, e.g. Gen 22:14, Exodus 4:1-27; 17:15; Lev 19:1-36; Deut 4: 29, 39; 5:5, 6; Judges 6:16, 24; Ps 83:18; 110:1; Isaiah 45:1, 18; Amos 5:8; 6:8; 9:6
- The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, published by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Brooklyn, NY 1961 and last revised in 1984. Renders the Tetragrammaton nearly 7,000 times.
Although there is scholarly debate on the relevance of "Yehovah", "Y'hovah", "Yehowah", "Yahweh" or similar pronunciations, most modern scholars believe that the English transcription "Jehovah" does not accurately represent God's name in the English language.[3] Nevertheless the transcription "Jehovah" continues to be used by some English-speaking Protestant Christians and by Jehovah's Witnesses.[4]
Modern scholars believe that Jehovah is an implausible rendering, based on their scholarly belief that the written form "יְהֹוָה" (read normally, "Yehovah") was only intended to indicate to the reader of the Bible in Hebrew to pronounce it "Adonai" ( אֲדֹנָי )
- Note: due to a rule of Hebrew grammar, the beginning E of the first transliteration is analogous to the beginning A of the second, although they are pronounced differently.
In the 19th century many scholars (particularly Christians), who believed that "יְהֹוָה" did not have the actual vowel points of God's name, sought to reconstruct its original pronunciation from early Greek transcriptions.
Basically, what happened was that when Jewish scribes were copying the Old Testament text they would come across the word Yahweh and because it was so sacred they put the vowels of the word Adonai on the word. This way when people were reading the Old Testament they would see the vowels and know not to say the sacred name Yahweh, but instead the name Adonai. However, people would read this word for Yahweh, with the vowel points of Adonai on it, and mistakenly sound out the new word Jehovah.
[edit] The J in Jehovah
The "J" in "Jehovah" is a result of Martin Luther's[citation needed] rendering of the Biblical Hebrew name יְהֹוָה in his German translation of the Masoretic Text first published in 1534.
Due to the fluid position of the letters J and I in English before the 17th century, Luther's convention fit with earlier English transcriptions and was thus retained in early English translations. The Encyclopedia Americana states:
The form of J was unknown in any alphabet until the 14th century. Either symbol (J,I) used initially generally had the consonantal sound of Y as in year. Gradually, the two symbols (J,I) were differentiated, the J usually acquiring consonantal force and thus becoming regarded as a consonant, and the I becoming a vowel. It was not until 1630 that the differentiation became general in England.
[edit] Yehovah / Y'hovah
While most modern scholars believe the Masoretes added the vowel points of ’ǎdônây to the consonantal Hebrew text of the divine name so that the reader would say "Adonai" aloud (see Q're Perpetuum), so that the vowel points of the Masoretic text were simply not intended to indicate anything about the pronunciation of YHWH itself, some believe the situation to be more complex.
For instance, The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon[5] says in the article הוה:
The punctators seem to intimate the originality of the vowels of יְהֹוָה by not pointing Yod with Hhateph-Pattah יֲהֹוָה to indicate the reading of אֲדֹנָי just as they point it with Hhateph-Segol to indicate the reading of אֱלֹהִים. We could, moreover, not account for the abbreviated forms יוֹ, יְהוֹ prefixed to so many proper names unless we consider the vowels of יְהֹוָה original.
Gerard Gertoux writes that in the Leningrad Codex of 1008-1010, the Masoretes used 7 different vowel pointings [i.e. 7 different Q're's] for YHWH.[6]Gerard Gertoux believes that the Q're "e,o,a" [7]had become standardized in 1278 when the Spanish monk Raymundus Martini, in his book Pugio Fidei, transliterated the Biblical Hebrew name "יְהֹוָה" into Latin as yohoua [with a small 1278 Latin initial letter "y"][8]
In 1518 Petrus Galatinus was using the Latin transcription "Iehoua" [without a final "h"]. 1
[edit] YHWH
[edit] Using the vowels of YHWH
Josephus wrote that the sacred name consisted of four vowels. Many sacred name ministries who believe that YHWH consists of four vowels pronounce these four vowels as "ee-ah-oo-eh" and believe that indicates God's name was either "Yahweh" or "Yahuweh". It is claimed that the Greek transcription "ιαουε" would have been pronounced "Yah-oo-eh". (Iota is used as both a vowel and a semi-vowel.) "Clement of Alexandria spelled the Tetragrammaton (Ya-oo-ai),(Ya-oo-eh)and (Ya-oh). In none of these is the central oo or oh vowel omitted", which is 'omitted in the name Yahweh.' [9] However, since there was no letter in the Classical Greek alphabet for a [w] sound, the letter combination ου was sometimes used to transcribe a [w] sound in words borrowed from foreign languages into ancient Greek.
Of course, early Hebrew had no written "vowels" as such — every letter of the Hebrew alphabet was primarily consonantal in function (see Matres lectionis).
Another tradition regards the name as coming from three different verb forms sharing the same root YWH, the words HYH haya היה: "He was"; HWH howê הוה: "He is"; and YHYH yihiyê יהיה: "He will be". This is supposed to show that God is timeless, as some have translated the name as "The Eternal One". Other interpretations include the name as meaning "I am the One Who Is." This can be seen in the traditional Jewish account of the "burning bush" commanding Moses to tell the sons of Israel that "I AM (אהיה) has sent you." (Exodus 3:13-14) Some suggest: "I AM the One I AM" אהיה אשר אהיה, or "I AM whatever I need to become". This may also fit the interpretation as "He Causes to Become." Many scholars believe that the most proper meaning may be "He Brings Into Existence Whatever Exists" or "He who causes to exist". Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible, which is based on the King James Version, says that the term "Jehovah" means "The Existing One."
[edit] Yahweh
| Ancient Near Eastern deities | |
| Levantine deities | |
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Adonis | Anat | Asherah | Ashima | Astarte | Atargatis | Ba'al | Berith | Chemosh | Dagon | Derceto | El | Elyon | Eshmun | Hadad | Kothar | Melqart | Mot | Moloch | Qetesh | Resheph | Shalim | Yarikh | Yam | YHWH |
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| Mesopotamian deities | |
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Adad | Amurru | An/Anu | Anshar | Ashur | Abzu/Apsu | Enki/Ea | Enlil | Ereshkigal | Inanna/Ishtar | Kingu | Kishar | Lahmu & Lahamu | Marduk | Mummu | Nabu | Nammu | Nanna/Sin | Nergal | Ningizzida | Ninhursag | Ninlil | Tiamat | Utu/Shamash |
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| Egyptian deities | |
| Amun | Ra | Apis | Bakha | Osiris | Ptah | |
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[edit] 19th Century scholars disputed the vowel points of "יְהֹוָה"
Wilhelm Gesenius [1786-1842], who is noted for being one of the greatest Hebrew and biblical scholars, 3 wrote a Hebrew Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament which was first translated into English in 1824. 4 In the first half of the 19th century, Wilhelm Gesenius, as well as many other scholars, believed that the Medieval vowel points of "יְהֹוָה" were not the actual vowel points of God’s name.
[edit] Wilhelm Gesenius Punctuated YHWH as "יַהְוֶה" (i.e. Yahweh)
In Smith's " A Dictionary of the Bible" [published in 1863] William Smith notes 5 that Wilhelm Gesenius punctuated YHWH as "יַהְוֶה" (see image to the right)
This vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton "יַהְוֶה" (i.e., Yahweh), is sometimes referred to as a "Scholarly Reconstruction" and is believed to have been based in large part on various Greek transcriptions, such as (ιαουε—iaoue and ιαουαι—iaouai and ιαβε—Iabe) dating from the first centuries AD.
[edit] "יַהְוֶה" [i.e. Yahweh] may have represented Epiphanius's "Iαβε"
In Smith's 1863 " A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith supposes that "יַהְוֶה" was represented by the "Iαβε" of Epiphanius. 8
The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 says: Inserting the vowels of Jabe [i.e. Latin form of Iabe] into the Hebrew consonant text, we obtain the form Jahveh (Yahweh), which has been generally accepted by modern scholars as the true pronunciation of the Divine name;9.
[edit] Scholarly sources in which "יַהְוֶה" is found
[edit] Smith's 1863 A Dictionary of the Bible
In Smith's 1863 "A Dictionary of the Bible", William Smith does not consider "יַהְוֶה" to be the best scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton which he is aware of.
However, although "יַהְוֶה" was not the only scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton that appeared in scholarly sources in the 19th century, it gradually became accepted as the best scholarly reconstructed vocalized Hebrew spelling of the Tetragrammaton.
[edit] The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906
The editors of the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 recognize that "יַהְוֶה" is spelled "Yahweh" in English, but "יַהְוֶה" is only one of two vocalized Hebrew spellings, that they believe might have been the original pronunciation of YHWH. In the Article:Names of God, and under the article sub heading: "YHWH", the editors write:
- If the explanation of the form above given be the true one, the original pronunciation must have been Yahweh (יַהְוֶה) or Yahaweh (יַהֲוֶה). From this the contracted form Jah or Yah (יהּ ) is most readily explained, and also the forms Jeho or Yeho ( יַהְוְ = יְהַו = יְהוֹ ), and Jo or Yo ( יוֹ contracted from יְהוֹ ), which the word assumes in combination in the first part of compound proper names, and Yahu or Yah ( יָהוּ = (image) in the second part of such names.
[edit] The early 1900's Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon
The editors of the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament write "יַהְוֶה" under the heading "יהוה", and describes "יַהְוֶה" as:
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- "n.pr.dei Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel."
[edit] Criticism of the form "Yahweh"
In Biblical Archaeology Review, reference is made to the fact that a two-syllable pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton as "Yahweh" would not allow for the o vowel sound to exist as part of God's name. Thus the article stated:
- "When the Tetragrammaton was pronounced in one syllable it was ‘Yah’ or ‘Yo.’ When it was pronounced in three syllables it would have been ‘Yahowah’ or ‘Yahoowah.’ If it was ever abbreviated to two syllables it would have been ‘Yaho.’"[10]
The main criticism of the name "Yahweh" is that the vocalized Hebrew spelling "Yahweh" is found in no extant Hebrew Text.
[edit] Transcription
[edit] Using consonants as semi-vowels
In ancient Hebrew, the letter ו, known to modern Hebrew speakers as vav, was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German) rather than a letter v. The letter is referred to as waw in the academic world. Because the ancient pronunciation differs from the modern pronunciation, it is common today to represent יהוה as YHWH rather than YHVH.
In Biblical Hebrew, most vowels are not written and the rest are written only ambiguously, as the vowel letters double as consonants (similar to the Latin use of V to indicate both U and V). See Matres lectionis for details. For similar reasons, an appearance of the Tetragrammaton in ancient Egyptian records of the 13th century BC sheds no light on the original pronunciation. 2. Therefore it is, in general, difficult to deduce how a word is pronounced from its spelling only, and the Tetragrammaton is a particular example: two of its letters can serve as vowels, and two are vocalic place-holders, which are not pronounced. Not surprisingly then, Josephus in Jewish Wars, chapter V, wrote, "…in which was engraven the sacred name: it consists of four vowels". In Greek, they are Ιαου, which comes out to Yau, since iota is used to represent semi-vocalic 'y' (and omicron+ypsilon="oo").
Further, Josephus's four vowels are confirmed by theophoric stems in personal names, always: Yaho/Yahu/Y:ho/Y:hu.[2] These yield in English Yau and Yao, which are pronounced the same. Once again, the heh is not pronounced here in Hebrew, but is used instead as a place holder. Moreover, Gnostic texts, such as those Marcion wrote, discuss the Judaic god extensively, and spell the Tetragrammaton in Greek, Ιαω, that is "Yao." Lastly, Levantine texts (including those from ancient Ugarit) render the Tetragrammaton Yaw, pronounced "Yau."[3]
[edit] Vowel marks
To make the reading of Hebrew easier, marks or points above and below the letters were added to the text by the Masoretes, to function as vowels. See Niqqud for details. Several manuscripts from the 7th century and on contain vowel marks over the Tetragrammaton. Unfortunately, these do not shed much light on the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton. For example, the Leningrad codex contains six different variations on the vowel marks of the Tetragrammaton.
An added problem is that the diacritical vowel marks on the Tetragrammaton may have served a purpose other than indicating the pronunciation. When the text is read out loud by Jews, the Tetragrammaton is replaced by the word Adonai ("my Lord(s)"), Elohim ("God(s)"), Hashem ("the name"), or Elokim (no meaning), depending on circumstances (see Jewish use of the word below). Since someone reading the text aloud might inadvertently pronounce the name, the diacritical vowels of Adonai or Elohim are normally printed with the consonant letters of the Tetragrammaton, to remind the reader to make the change, so the text contains the letters YHWH interlaced with the vowel marks of Adonai/Elohim (a masoretic device known as Q're perpetuum which was also applied in a number of other cases, such as giving the spelling הוא in the Pentateuch an "i" vowel diacritic to indicate that sometimes it should be pronounced as a feminine pronoun hi, rather than a masculine pronoun hu). This is the case in modern editions of the Hebrew Bible, and also explains a number of medieval codices. In other words, these marks do not and were never intended to explain how to pronounce the Tetragrammaton.
In particular, there is a possible explanation of the vowel marks on the Tetragrammaton in the Ben Chayim codex of 1525 (see its importance below). It is worth noting that the aleph in Adonai has a hataf-patah (pronounced "ah" in Modern Hebrew) under it while the yod in the Tetragrammaton has a sheva (pronounced as a very short "eh" in Modern Hebrew). In other words, the Masoretes did not point YHWH with the precise vowel points of Adonai.
- Note that in the image above and to the right, "YHWH intended to be pronounced as Adonai" [i.e. "יְהֹוָה"] and "Adonai with its slightly different vowel points" [i.e. "אֲדֹנָי"] do not have the precise same vowel points.
- This difference is explained by the rules of Hebrew morphology and phonetics. The Hebrew word Adonai, grammatically a plural form of the word Adon with the possessive suffix, uses the pattern "shva-holam-kamatz", but, because of glottal nature of aleph, the shva in Adonai is replaced by hataf-patah. Since yod is not a glottal consonant, it uses the vowel shva required by the pattern.
- It should be noted that at Psalms 144:15 in the BHS text, the Masoretes chose to place a hatef-patah ( ֲ )under the yod in YHWH where YHWH was prefixed with a Shin.[e.g. שֶׁיֲהוָה] , but in the 6518 occurrences of יְהֹוָה in the Ben Chayyim Hebrew Text of 1525, they placed a simple shewa ( ְ ) not a ( ֲ ) under the yod.
Sir Godfry Driver wrote: "The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouah in 1530 in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles." The English transcription "Iehovah", is found in the 1611 edition of the King James Bible, and during the 1762-1769 edit of the KJV, the spelling "Iehovah" was changed to "Jehovah" (in accordance with the general differentiation of I/J and U/V into separate letters which developed over the course of the 17th century in English). Thus began a period where the word was rendered: "Jehovah". The Jerusalem Bible (1966) uses Yahweh exclusively.
[edit] Transcription in other languages
Table of different language transcriptions of the tetragrammaton. (If the native language uses non-European characters or pictographic symbols, the table shows the common English/European transliteration of the target language script, together with the tetragrammaton in the native font if available):
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[edit] See also
Other articles relating to the Tetragrammaton:
- I am that I am
- Yahweh
- Iaoue — the story of one Greek transliteration of the Tetragrammaton
Other:
[edit] References
- ^ In the 7th paragraph of "Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible",
- Sir Godfry Driver wrote:
- "The Reformers preferred Jehovah, which first appeared as Iehouah in 1530, in Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch (Exodus 6.3), from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles."
- ^ In a chart labeled "The Bible Compared: Exodus", Exodus 6:3 shows "IEHOVAH" [in all capital letters] in the KJV [1611].
- ^ E.g. Gerard Gertoux's thesis on the pronunciation of the Name, University Press of America, 2002. [1] ISBN 978-0761822042.
- ^ Research and doctrine of Jehovah's Witnesses on the Divine Name
- ^ The Analytical Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon by Benjamin Davidson (1848) ISBN 0-913573-03-5
- ^ refer to the table on page 144 of Gerard Gertoux's book: The Name of God Y.EH.OW.Ah which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH.
- ^ refer to page 152-153 of Gerard Gertoux's book: The Name of God Y.EH.OW.Ah which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH.
- ^ On page 152 of Gerard Gertoux's book: "The name of God Y.EH.OW.AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH" is a photo of Latin and Hebrew text [side by side] written by Raynond Martini in 1278 In the last sentence of the Hebrew text, "יְהֹוָה" can be clearly seen. In the last sentence of the Latin Text, Raymond Martini's Latin Transcription "yohoua" [with a small Latin initial letter "y"] can be clearly seen.
- ^ Biblical Archaeology Review March/April 1995 p.30, 31
- ^ BAR 21.2 (March-April 1995),31 George W. Buchanan, "How God’s Name Was Pronounced"
[edit] Footnotes
- 1. Galatin, Peter - De Arcanis Catholicæ Veritatis, 1518, folio xliii
- 2. See pages 128 and 236 of the book "Who Were the Early Israelites?" by archeologist William G. Dever, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI, 2003.
- 3.Wilhelm Gesenius is noted for being one of the greatest Hebrew and biblical scholars.
- 4. Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebrew Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament was first translated into English in 1824,
- 5. Smith's "A Dictionary of the Bible"
- 6. Encyclopedia Britannica of 1910-1911 Page 312
- 7.Smith's "A Dictionary of the Bible": Clement of Alexandria wrote "Iaou" not "Iaoue" at Stromata Book V.
- 8. Smith's "A Dictionary of the Bible": Yahweh supposed to have been derived from Samaritan "IaBe"
- 9. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 under the sub-heading: To take up the ancient writers
- 10. The online Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906
[edit] External links
- The Divine Name in Norway
- Arbel, Ilil. "Yahweh." Encyclopedia Mythica. 2004.
- "Jehovah." Easton's Bible Dictionary (3rd ed.) 1887.
- "Jehovah (Yahweh)." Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 8. 1910.
- Jewish Encyclopedia count of number of times the Tetragrammation is used
- The Historical Evolution of the Hebrew God
- The Sacred Name Yahweh, a publication by Qadesh La Yahweh Press
- Biblaridion magazine: Phanerosis Theology: The Tetragrammaton and God's manifestation.
- Tetragrammaton from Presbyterian perspective and with a Czech-Hebrew flavour.
- HaVaYaH the Tetragrammation in the Jewish Knowledge Base on Chabad.org
- Titles of Deity, a Christadelphian view
- YHWH/YHVH -- Tetragrammaton
- The Name
- The Meaning of the Tetragrammaton in Epistemology and Propositional Calculus
- Bibliography on the Tetragrammaton in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Category:Christian theology Category:Names of God in Judaism Category:West Semitic deities Category:Yahwism Category:Greek loanwords
