Rhus integrifolia
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| Rhus integrifolia | ||||||||||||||
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 Lemonadeberry fruit and leaves
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| Rhus integrifolia |
Rhus integrifolia, also known as Lemonade Berry, Lemonadeberry, or Lemonade Sumac is a shrub to small tree that is one to eight meters in height, with a sprawling form. It is native to Southwestern and Pacific coastal California from Santa Barbara County to western Riverside County with its range extending to north-central Pacific coastal Baja California and some offshore islands like Cedros. It is a member of the chaparral plant community and is often found in canyons and on north-facing slopes below elevations of 900 meters. It often hybridizes with Rhus ovata.
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[edit] Description
The Lemonade Berry's leaves are simple (unusual in a genus where most species are trifoliate), alternating, evergreen and leathery, ranging from two to four centimeters wide on reddish twigs; length of leaves is five to seven centimeters. Leaves are toothed with a waxy appearance above and a paler tone below. The flowers which appear from February to May are small, clustered closely together, and may be either bisexual or pistillate.
These fragrant flowers exhibit radial symmetry with five green sepals, five white to rosy-pink petals, and five stamens. The small flowers are only six millimeters across. The ovary is superior and usually has a single ovule; although in pistillate flowers, the stamens are small and infertile. The mature fruit of Rhus integrifolia is sticky, reddish, covered with hairs, and about seven to ten millimeters in diameter. The elliptical fruit presents tight clusters at the very ends of twigs.
Young plants manifest smooth reddish bark, while more mature individuals have cracked, even scaly, grayish bark with the smooth red bark displayed underneath. Twigs are rather stout and flexible, and reddish bud ends are diminutive and pointed. There is often a multi-furcate branching structure from the base of the plant. A mature plant is large and thicket-like with a sprawling arrangement.
[edit] Ecology
The Lemonade Berry plant is found on dry slopes in coastal areas of southern California and especially northern Baja California; however, one colony has even been observed as far north as Santa Cruz County. In addition to occurring on dry slopes and in canyon settings, the species sometimes is found on bluffs, as long as there is sufficient sun and absence of coastal moisture. The Lemonade Berry occurs in both chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities.
This plant thrives on well drained soils and endures heat and windy conditions well. The species tolerates sandy as well as medium loam soils, and it can even thrive in nutrient deficient soil. This plant tolerates mildly acid to mildly alkaline soils, but it can not grow in shady conditions. Propagation is by seed or by runners; in the case of seed propagation bee pollination is required of vicinity female trees growing near male trees. Lemonade Berry will not grow in proximity to the Pacific Ocean where there is air with high moisture content. The fruits are enjoyed by many bird species including the road-runner.
[edit] Uses
Many plants within this genus are considered toxic, although some reports indicate the berries of this species can be used to make lemonade flavored drinks (hence its common name). Allergic reactions may also result from skin contact with sap from some of the genera. Rhus integrifolia can also be used as a landscape shrub and is suitable for hedging and espalier. The plant is vulnerable to frost, but often the plant will regrow by summer, after it appears to have died from cold. The growth habit is slow to moderate and, as a garden plant, this species is quite resistant to deer. Its cultural requirements should mimic its natural environment with ample drainage and little summer water.
Lemonade Berry leaves are rich in tannins. Even though the species is evergreen, there is some leaf fall in autumn, at which time the fallen leaves may be used as a brown dye or mordant. An oil can be extracted from Lemonade Berry seeds; moreover, this oil achieves a tallow consistency when left to stand. Thereafter the oil can be employed to manufacture candles, which burn brightly, albeit emitting a pungent scent. The wood of mature plants is dense and hard, making it prized for wood-burning fireplace kindling.
[edit] References and external links
- Schmidt, Marjorie G. Growing California Native Plants, University of California Press, 1980.
- John H Wiersema, Blanca Leon. World Economic Plants, CRC Press LLc (1999)
- Edward K. Balls, Early Uses of California Plants, University of California Press (1962)
