Rhodesian general election, 1970
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The Rhodesia general election of April 10, 1970 was the first election which took place under the revised, republican, constitution of Rhodesia. The country had declared itself independent in November 1965, shortly after the previous election; the Rhodesian Front government had always disliked the 1962 constitution and made sure to change it by the time of the next one.
Contents |
[edit] Background
Following the referendum on the new constitution in June 1969, the timing of the next election was laid out: it would happen once the new Electoral Act had been put in place, and once delimitation of the new constituencies was complete.
This gave opponents of the Rhodesian Front a chance to organise in time for the election. At the Rhodesian Front congress on October 23, 1969, the party chairman Ralph Nilson warned the government to avoid complacency. The Centre Party had been founded in 1968 as a non-racial party which aimed for 'Middle of the Road' political opinion; it supported "advancement of the African on merit" and gradual abolition of racial discrimination and was led by Pat Bashford; it was strongest in the urban areas. Ian Smith described it as "the real opposition".
Robin James, an independent MP who had been expelled from the Rhodesian Front for opposing Ian Smith, formed the Conservative Alliance on June 26, 1969 which campaigned for the preservation of the European and his civilisation in Rhodesia. James attacked the Rhodesian Front for 'multiracial, integrationist policies'; his party was subsequently renamed the Republican Alliance. Eligible African voters also began to form political parties, among them the National People's Union which aimed to unite Africans against white supremacy without violence.
[edit] Election campaign
On March 1, 1970, Clifford Dupont as 'Officer Administering the Government' signed a proclamation dissolving Parliament and bringing into effect the new constitution at midnight (Rhodesia therefore became a unilaterally-proclaimed Republic on March 2). The general election was set for April 10.
The Centre Party announced on March 4 its intention to run 12 candidates. The party declared it accepted the constitution and therefore the independence of Rhodesia. It eventually ran 16; the Republican Alliance had 14, and there were 14 Independents. These candidates generally fell into two categories.
- The first category comprised candidates who were usually former members of the Rhodesian Front who had fallen out with it over the new constitution or some other issue. Max Cohen (Greendale) had resigned from the Rhodesian Front immediately before the election; Mrs Ina Bursey (Sinoia-Umvukwes) asserted that she was "sticking to the 1962 principles" of the Rhodesian Front; and William Ogley (Que Que) informed voters that he was now more conservative than the RF, just as Arthur Hubbard (Milton Park) said he was now to the right of it.
- The second category were those fighting rural constituencies in the interests of the farmer. Thomas Edridge (Marandellas) declared he wanted to restore profit to farming. Harry Affleck (Gwebi) and Roy Ashburner (Sinoia-Umvukwes) stood explicitly as farmers' representatives.
A victory for the Rhodesian Front was regarded as inevitable. Ian Smith, helped by the presence of the Republican Alliance, portrayed his government as not being racialist, and sought to postpone the question of what to do about the farming industry until after the election. In the event, the Rhodesian Front won every seat; the most marginal was Salisbury City, which included the large Salisbury community of Indian shopkeepers, and where a mixed-race candidate was only 40 votes off winning. The Centre Party's appeal to non-racial politics played well only among African voters who gave them seven out of the eight seats, with only one going to the National People's Union.
[edit] Electoral system
Under the 1969 constitution, the electorate of Rhodesia returned 66 members of the House of Assembly. The electoral system was divided into three different classes of seat:
- European roll seats: 50 seats were returned by voters of European descent.
- African roll seats: 8 seats were returned by voters of African descent.
- Tribal seats: 8 seats were returned by Tribal electoral colleges made up of the Chiefs of the Tribes.
[edit] Qualification of voters
Qualification for being a voter depended on having sufficient means or educational achievement. All voters had to be a citizen of Rhodesia, over 21 years of age, have resided in the constituency for at least three months, and have an adequate knowledge of English and be able to sign the claim form in his or her own handwriting. There were then two rolls for which the voter might qualify, which were determined by their race.
To qualify for the European voters roll, a voter had to be European, Coloured, or Asian and either:
- Have received an income of not less than $1,800 per annum for the previous two years, or
- Own immovable property worth $3,600; or
- Having completed four years' secondary education of a prescribed standard, have an income of not less than $1,200 per annum for the previous two years, or
- Having completed four years' secondary education of a prescribed standard, own immovable property worth $2,400.
To qualify for the African voters roll, a voter had to be African and either:
- Have received an income of not less than $600 per annum for the previous two years, or
- Own immovable property worth $1,200; or
- Having completed two years' secondary education of a prescribed standard, have an income of not less than $400 per annum for the previous two years, or
- Having completed two years' secondary education of a prescribed standard, own immovable property worth $800.
In practice very few Africans qualified, and many who met the qualification requirements refused to register to vote.
Wives were deemed to meet the means qualification through their husbands' earnings or wealth, although for African voters living under a system of polygamy, only the first wife qualified. A Minister of Religion or a member of a religious order living under a vow of poverty was automatically deemed to have met the means qualification. Tribal chiefs also qualified automatically to vote.
Voters were disqualified if they were insane, had been convicted of a serious criminal offence or an offence under electoral law, had been under detention or restriction for more than six months under security legislation, or had been expelled from Parliament. Some voters were also disqualified for receiving Government rations or maintenance in lieu of rations for more than a year.
[edit] Constituency boundaries
A delimitation commission was established by the Electoral Act of 1969, and began work in December 1969. Several of the constituencies were the same as previous constituencies, but some changes were required due to population shifts. The delimitation commission had to work with electorate figures as of February 1, 1970 and could recommend constituencies within 20% either side of a target electorate of 1,740 (which gave a maximum of 2,088 and a minimum of 1,393).
[edit] State of the parties
| Party | Seats |
|---|---|
| Rhodesian Front | 50 |
| Rhodesia Electoral Union | 8 |
| Centre Party | 7 |
| National People's Union | 1 |
| Total | 66 |
[edit] Results summary
[edit] European seats
Electorate: 87,020 (65,475 in contested seats)
Turnout: 77.7%
| Party | Candidates | Elected | Unopposed | Popular vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | change | ||||
| Rhodesian Front | 50 | 50 | 13 | 39,066 | 76.8 |
| Centre Party | 16 | - | - | 5,619 | 11.0 |
| Independents | 14 | - | - | 4,534 | 8.9 |
| Republican Alliance | 14 | - | - | 1,633 | 3.2 |
| Totals | 94 | 50 | 13 | 50,852 | 100% |
[edit] Results by constituency
[edit] European roll seats
| Constituency Electorate and turnout |
Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARUNDEL 1,925 (81.5%) |
Andrew Skeen | RF | 1,193 | 76.1 |
| Alfred Priestley Knottenbelt | CP | 375 | 23.9 | |
| AVONDALE 1,993 (79.2%) |
Dr Colin Eric Barlow | RF | 1,197 | 75.8 |
| Dr Robert West Fynn | CP | 382 | 24.2 | |
| BELLEVUE 1,949 (78.1%) |
Wallace Evelyn Stuttaford | RF | 1,363 | 89.5 |
| Alfred Henry Vincent | RA | 160 | 10.5 | |
| BELVEDERE 1,882 (79.1%) |
Dennis Divaris | RF | 1,046 | 70.3 |
| Edmund Thomas Thurlow Nelson | CP | 349 | 23.5 | |
| John Fraser Caladine Whiting | RA | 93 | 6.2 | |
| BORROWDALE 1,857 (83.3%) |
Dr Douglas Archibald Hamilton Ritchie | RF | 969 | 62.6 |
| Thomas Henry Patrick Bashford | CP | 578 | 37.4 | |
| BRAESIDE 1,904 |
Herbert Douglas Tanner | RF | Unopposed | |
| BULAWAYO CENTRAL 1,627 |
Sydney Henderson Millar | RF | Unopposed | |
| BULAWAYO DISTRICT 1,792 (81.7%) |
Alexander Moseley | RF | 1,173 | 80.1 |
| John Stakesby-Lewis | CP | 291 | 19.9 | |
| BULAWAYO EAST 1,699 (81.6%) |
Elias Broomberg | RF | 904 | 65.2 |
| Arthur Sarif | CP | 482 | 34.8 | |
| BULAWAYO NORTH 1,677 (75.6%) |
John James Wrathall | RF | 1,197 | 94.5 |
| Austen Sales Perkins | RA | 70 | 5.5 | |
| BULAWAYO SOUTH 1,583 (68.3%) |
Arthur McCarter | RF | 988 | 91.4 |
| Ernest Leonard Garland | RA | 93 | 8.6 | |
| CHARTER 1,715 |
Rowan Cronjé | RF | Unopposed | |
| EASTERN 1,413 |
Alan James Wroughton Macleod | RF | Unopposed | |
| GATOOMA 1,557 |
Albert Gannaway Mells | RF | Unopposed | |
| GREENDALE 1,974 (79.0%) |
Mark Henry Heathcote Partridge | RF | 1,123 | 72.0 |
| Max Cohen | Ind RF | 436 | 28.0 | |
| GWEBI 1,527 (83.2%) |
Thomas Ian Fraser Sandeman | RF | 941 | 74.1 |
| Harry Affleck | Ind | 329 | 25.9 | |
| GWELO 1,505 (70.9%) |
Desmond William Lardner-Burke | RF | 939 | 88.0 |
| James William Redmond | RA | 128 | 12.0 | |
| HARTLEY 1,710 |
Pieter Kenyon Fleming Voltelyn van der Byl | RF | Unopposed | |
| HATFIELD 1,994 (74.3%) |
Lance Bales Smith | RF | 927 | 62.6 |
| Peter Chalmers Chalker | Ind RF | 555 | 37.4 | |
| HIGHLANDS NORTH 1,861 (81.6%) |
Bernard Ponter | RF | 1,017 | 67.0 |
| Mrs. Sheila Maria Nolan | CP | 502 | 33.0 | |
| HIGHLANDS SOUTH 1,854 (80.0%) |
Richard Brathwaite Hope Hall | RF | 1,133 | 76.3 |
| Jeremy Ralph Bushton Broome | CP | 351 | 23.7 | |
| HILLCREST 1,990 |
John Arthur Newington | RF | Unopposed | |
| HILLSIDE 1,892 (79.6%) |
Dennis Fawcett Phillips | RF | 1,120 | 74.4 |
| Hilary Stephen Norton | CP | 386 | 25.6 | |
| JAMESON 1,874 (75.8%) |
John Peter Broberg Nilson | RF | 1,209 | 85.1 |
| Christopher Wordsworth Phillips | RA | 212 | 14.9 | |
| KAROI 1,534 (78.4%) |
Daniel Jacobus Brink | RF | 784 | 65.2 |
| Bertram Cecil William Hacking | Ind | 419 | 34.8 | |
| MABELREIGN 1,898 (75.0%) |
Patrick Palmer-Owen | RF | 1,319 | 92.7 |
| Michael Anthony Crow | RA | 104 | 7.3 | |
| MARANDELLAS 1,515 (86.0%) |
David Colville Smith | RF | 945 | 72.5 |
| Thomas Edridge | Ind | 358 | 27.5 | |
| MARLBOROUGH 1,942 (73.9%) |
William Michie Irvine | RF | 1,242 | 86.5 |
| Peter Andrew Thomas Young | Ind | 194 | 13.5 | |
| MATOBO 1,650 |
Clifford Allan Redin Savory | RF | Unopposed | |
| MAZOE 1,644 (75.0%) |
George Rollo Hayman | RF | 1,075 | 87.2 |
| Ernest Frederick Konschel | Ind | 158 | 12.8 | |
| MIDLANDS 1,478 |
Roger Tancred Robert Hawkins | RF | Unopposed | |
| MILTON PARK 1,927 (69.4%) |
Arthur Leonard Lazell | RF | 1,146 | 85.7 |
| Arthur Valentine Curwen Fortescue Hubbard | Ind | 192 | 14.3 | |
| MOUNT PLEASANT 1,844 (81.9%) |
John Hartley Howman | RF | 913 | 60.5 |
| Nicholas John McNally | CP | 597 | 39.5 | |
| MTOKO 1,670 (79.5%) |
Rodney Guy Swayne Simmonds | RF | 880 | 66.3 |
| Guy Kerry Webb | Ind | 447 | 33.7 | |
| QUEEN'S PARK 1,786 (79.5%) |
Ian Finlay McLean | RF | 1,301 | 91.7 |
| Alford Graham Coppard | RA | 118 | 8.3 | |
| QUE QUE 1,499 (80.7%) |
Jacobus Johannes Burger | RF | 899 | 74.3 |
| William Ernest Ogley | Ind | 311 | 25.7 | |
| RAYLTON 1,713 (82.2%) |
Thomas Alexander Pinchen | RF | 1,114 | 79.1 |
| Stanley Cyril Howard | CP | 232 | 16.5 | |
| William Edward Bailey | RA | 62 | 4.4 | |
| RUSAPE 1,466 |
Johannes Jacobus Lodewickus de Kock | RF | Unopposed | |
| SALISBURY CENTRAL 1,937 (66.1%) |
Theodore Maurice Ellison | RF | 1,064 | 83.1 |
| Robin Hugh James | RA | 217 | 16.9 | |
| SALISBURY CITY 1,956 (77.9%) |
Edward Aylett Sutton-Pryce | RF | 651 | 42.7 |
| Gaston Thomas Thornicroft | Ind | 611 | 40.1 | |
| Francis Hugh Keenlyside | CP | 157 | 10.3 | |
| Mrs. Isaline Cecily Dunsterville James | RA | 80 | 5.3 | |
| John Robert Lentell | Ind | 24 | 1.6 | |
| SALISBURY NORTH 1,953 (75.7%) |
Andre Sothern Holland | RF | 1,001 | 67.7 |
| George Henry Tanser | CP | 477 | 32.3 | |
| SELUKWE 1,431 (76.5%) |
Charles Falcon Scott Clark | RF | 986 | 90.0 |
| Mrs. Patricia Mary McHugh | RA | 109 | 10.0 | |
| SHABANI 1,457 |
Ian Birt Harper Dillon | RF | Unopposed | |
| SINOIA/UMWUKWES 1,633 (77.1%) |
Frederick Augustus Alexander | RF | 759 | 60.3 |
| Roy William Jack Ashburner | Ind | 438 | 34.8 | |
| Mrs. Ina Antoinette Bursey | Ind RF | 62 | 4.9 | |
| UMTALI EAST 1,567 (77.3%) |
Bernard Horace Mussett | RF | 1,061 | 87.5 |
| William Lamb | CP | 151 | 12.5 | |
| UMTALI WEST 1,622 (74.7%) |
John Christie | RF | 988 | 81.6 |
| Geoffrey Chilcott Taylor | CP | 193 | 15.9 | |
| Hajo Spandow | RA | 30 | 2.5 | |
| UMZINGWANE 1,719 (79.6%) |
Ian Douglas Smith | RF | 1,252 | 91.5 |
| Samuel Albert Gelman | CP | 116 | 8.5 | |
| VICTORIA 2,038 |
George Holland Hartley | RF | Unopposed | |
| WANKIE 1,540 |
Reginald Edward Dennis Cowper | RF | Unopposed | |
| WATERFALLS 1,847 (76.0%) |
Arthur Philip Smith | RF | 1,247 | 88.8 |
| Maurice Alan George Dedman | RA | 157 | 11.2 | |
[edit] African roll seats
| Constituency Electorate and turnout |
Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HARARE 1,505 (57.3%) |
Edward Gabriel Watungwa | CP | 527 | 61.1 |
| Gervase Muchada | NPU | 153 | 17.7 | |
| Patrick John Daniel Rubatika | Ind | 119 | 13.8 | |
| Mandishona Donson Matimba | AAPP | 63 | 7.3 | |
| INSUKAMINI 491 (54.6%) |
Lewis Alban Ndhlovu | CP | 97 | 36.2 |
| Phillip Elijah Chigogo | Ind | 82 | 30.6 | |
| Sidney Sidwell Bonke Keyi | NPU | 74 | 27.6 | |
| William Henry Kona | UNPP | 15 | 5.6 | |
| KUNYASI 1,488 (48.5%) |
Josiah Moses Gondo | NPU | 353 | 48.9 |
| Johnson Matariro Hungwe | CP | 221 | 30.6 | |
| Cephas Asaph Napata | RAP | 93 | 12.9 | |
| Jepson Mutumwa Mashingaidze | UNPP | 33 | 4.6 | |
| Lazarus Dembetembe | Ind | 22 | 3.0 | |
| MABVAZUWA 1,566 (57.8%) |
Lazarus Masenda | CP | 420 | 46.4 |
| Oswald Nyamwanza | NPU | 266 | 29.4 | |
| Selby Hlatshwayo | RAP | 91 | 10.1 | |
| Ambrose Charles Majongwe | Ind | 69 | 7.6 | |
| Davidson Murambiwa Jahwi | Ind | 59 | 6.5 | |
| MATOJENI 646 (42.3%) |
Wening Shake Moraka | CP | 187 | 68.5 |
| Billy Boarder Matawele | RAP | 41 | 15.0 | |
| Samson Chibi | NPU | 23 | 8.4 | |
| Michael Malisela Mojapelo | UNPP | 22 | 8.1 | |
| MPOPOMA 539 (72.9%) |
Lwazi Joel Mahlangu | CP | 174 | 44.3 |
| Cephas Hlabangana | Ind | 67 | 17.0 | |
| Cleaphas Chihota Chiremba | Ind | 60 | 15.3 | |
| Abishai Chimbadzwa Mutasa | Ind | 54 | 13.7 | |
| Zachariah Tongai Chigumira | RAP | 38 | 9.7 | |
| NEMAKONDE 1,453 (43.7%) |
Ronald T.D. Sadomba | CP | 281 | 44.3 |
| Chad Magumise Chipunza | NPU | 131 | 20.6 | |
| Herbert Munukwa Mano | Ind | 87 | 13.7 | |
| Paul Harbinett Joseph Chanetsa | Ind | 83 | 13.1 | |
| Eric Gwanzura | Ind | 45 | 7.1 | |
| Simon Chibvawure Paraffin | RAP | 8 | 1.3 | |
| NTSHONALANGA 638 (42.3%) |
Micah Mahamba Bhebe | CP | 240 | 88.9 |
| Austin Ruzayi Munyoro | RAP | 30 | 11.1 |
[edit] Tribal seats
All the successful tribal MPs formed the Rhodesia Electoral Union on election.
| Electoral college | Candidate | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| MASHONALAND | |||
| HIGHVELD | Tadeos Mutidzwa Chikonyara | 75 | 35.9 |
| Bartholomew Augustine Mabika | 63 | 30.1 | |
| Calogreedy Chatambudza Zimbudzama | 33 | 15.8 | |
| Isaac Hanzi Samuriwo | 32 | 15.3 | |
| Matthew Kwenda | 4 | 1.9 | |
| Nelson Saite Mutambirwa | 2 | 1.0 | |
| LOWVELD | Ranches Chereni Makaya | 73 | 39.2 |
| Chikati Merkiya Makamure | 73 | 39.2 | |
| Elias Mapiya Badza | 40 | 21.5 | |
| MANICA | Naboth Absolom Gandanzara | 58 | 46.4 |
| Barnabas Jonathan Munyaradzi Mutasa | 31 | 24.8 | |
| Tafirenyika Paulus Makumbe | 12 | 9.6 | |
| Allenby Thodlana | 11 | 8.8 | |
| Percy Hudson Mkudu | 9 | 7.2 | |
| Tiripano Francis Zhangazha | 4 | 3.2 | |
| Oliver Chakonda | - | - | |
| ZAMBEZI | Aaron Takawira Mungate | 206 | 72.8 |
| Stephen Amos Dzuka Chirenda | 37 | 13.1 | |
| Luke Mangirazi Kandengwa | 24 | 8.5 | |
| Jockoniah Stanley Chigumbura | 16 | 5.7 | |
| MATABELELAND | |||
| KARIBA | Enock Gudu Sifuya | 28 | 40.6 |
| Amos Zikhundulu Nhliziyo | 23 | 33.3 | |
| Sidney Mugore Mangoro | 18 | 26.1 | |
| PAGATI | Jeremiah Macelegwana Khabo | 34 | 31.2 |
| Dennis Simanga Nkiwane | 32 | 29.4 | |
| Fani Mlingo | 28 | 25.7 | |
| Josiah Randa Mtemeri | 15 | 13.8 | |
| PIONEER | Josia Bvajurayi Hove | 106 | 79.7 |
| Ephraim Jiro Mhlanga | 24 | 18.0 | |
| Ratisayi Zhou | 2 | 1.5 | |
| Jotham Siyapela Hove | 1 | 0.8 | |
| TULI | Daniel Namate | 33 | 35.5 |
| Henry Mpumulo Kumile Ncube | 31 | 33.3 | |
| Herbert Habathuri Kokobele | 29 | 31.2 | |
- Note: In the Lowveld electoral college, Ranches Makaya was declared elected after drawing lots, having tied with Chikati Makamure.
[edit] Changes during the Assembly
[edit] Party changes
Allan Savory resigned from the Rhodesian Front in 1972 over the issue of land nationalization. On October 31, 1972, he formed the Rhodesia Party together with Roy Ashburner (who had been an independent candidate in 1970), and Dr Morris Hirsch, who had been a United Federal Party MP in the 1960s.
[edit] Mabelreign
Patrick Palmer-Owen died on June 9, 1971. A byelection was held to replace him on August 5, 1971.
| Constituency Electorate and turnout |
Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MABELREIGN 1,913 (59.5%) |
John Cornelius Gleig | RF | 524 | 46.0 |
| Dr Ian George Anderson | Ind | 456 | 40.1 | |
| William Francis Mandel Weedman | CP | 158 | 13.9 |
[edit] Salisbury Central
Theo Ellison was convicted of a tax fraud and resigned from the Assembly on November 15, 1971. Nomination day for the byelection was December 3, 1971; only Hilary Gwyn Squires of the Rhodesian Front was nominated, and he was declared elected unopposed.
[edit] Kunyasi
Josiah Gondo died on October 27, 1972, leading to a byelection to replace him on December 8, 1972. Thomas Tavagwisa Zawaira was elected. There were five defeated candidates: Elias Mapiye Badza, Johnson Matariro Hungwe, Percy Hudson Mkudu, Samson Mundondo, and Isaac Hanzi Samuriwo.
[edit] Victoria
George Hartley was made Speaker of the House of Assembly on March 27, 1973, which made him a member of the House ex officio. A byelection to replace him was held on May 17, 1973.
| Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VICTORIA 2,048 (67.3%) |
Gordon Richard Olds | RF | 985 | 71.5 |
| Peter Southerton Hingeston | RP | 305 | 22.1 | |
| Leonard George Idensohn | RNP | 45 | 3.3 | |
| Wynn Arnold Starling | United Front | 43 | 3.1 |
[edit] Matojeni
Wening Moraka died on March 7, 1973 and a byelection was held to replace him on May 24, 1973.
| Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MATOJENI 840 (35.2%) |
Lot Enock Dewa | Ind ANC | 133 | 44.9 |
| John Zachary | Ind ANC | 85 | 28.7 | |
| Mishi Isaiah Bure Pfumojena | CP | 30 | 10.1 | |
| Ratisayi Zhou | Ind | 18 | 6.1 | |
| Simon Dzicaperanhamo Bhene | Ind | 15 | 5.1 | |
| Samson Chibi | Ind | 10 | 3.4 | |
| Maurince Mavuwa | Ind | 5 | 1.7 |
[edit] Sinoia-Umvukwes
Frederick Alexander died on December 26, 1973, and the byelection to replace him was held on February 28, 1974.
| Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SINOIA-UMVUKWES | Esmond Meryl Micklem | RF | 553 | 53.8 |
| James Strathearn Brown | RP | 249 | 24.2 | |
| Leonard George Idensohn | RNP | 199 | 19.4 | |
| Thomas Henry Patrick Bashford | CP | 27 | 2.6 |
[edit] Raylton
Thomas Pinchen resigned from the Assembly on January 9, 1974. The byelection in Raylton was held on February 28, 1974.
| Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAYLTON | Patrick Francis Shields | RF | 783 | 66.1 |
| Julius Michael van Beek | RP | 371 | 31.3 | |
| James Mary Kinley | CP | 31 | 2.6 |
[edit] Sources
- Electoral Act of 1969 (no. 56), Statute Law of Rhodesia.
- Peter Bridger, "Encyclopaedia Rhodesia" (College Press Pvt. Ltd, Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1973).
- Rhodesia Herald
- Sunday Mail
- Report of the Delimitation Commission, 1970
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