Rhee Taekwon-Do

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Rhee International Taekwon-Do (Australia) logo
Rhee Taekwon-Do
(리태권도; 李跆拳道)
Date founded c. 1965
Country of origin Flag of South Korea South Korea
Founder Chong Chul Rhee
Current head Chong Chul Rhee
Arts taught Taekwondo

Rhee Taekwon-Do, also known as Rhee Tae Kwon-Do, Rhee Tae Kwon Do, or Rhee Taekwondo,[1] is a martial art school in Australia and New Zealand[2] teaching the Korean martial art of taekwondo. Its full name is "Rhee International Taekwon-Do" with "(Australia)" or "(New Zealand)" appended. Chong Chul Rhee founded the school in Adelaide in the mid-1960s.[1] Two of Rhee's brothers, Chong Hyup Rhee and Chong Yoon Rhee, later came to assist him.

Rhee Taekwon-Do is widely publicised as being Australia's first and biggest taekwondo school.[2][3][4] It has at least 294 publicly-listed dojang in Australia (and at least five such dojang in New Zealand),[5] with perhaps around 1,400 dojang in total at its peak.[6] Several Australian martial art school founders received their foundational taekwondo training in Rhee's school.

Rhee Taekwon-Do is an independent martial art organisation. It was once affiliated to the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), but has had no relation to the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF).[3]

Contents

[edit] Chong Chul Rhee

Chong Chul Rhee
C. C. Rhee, c. 2007
C. C. Rhee, c. 2007
Korean name
Hangul 이종철 or 리종철
Hanja 李鐘鐵
Revised Romanization I Jong Cheol or Ri Jong Cheol
McCune-Reischauer I Ch'ong Ch'ŏl
This is a Korean name; the family name is Rhee.

Chong Chul Rhee, 8th dan, is the founder and head of Rhee Taekwon-Do. Rhee holds the title "World Master" and claims the title "Father of Australian Taekwondo."[1][2][3][4] He is one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo[7] selected from the South Korean military to develop taekwondo under Hong Hi Choi in the Korea Taekwon-Do Association (KTA).[4] Rhee is a former unarmed combat instructor in the Korean Marines, and helped introduce the art of taekwondo to Southeast Asia (notably in Malaysia and Singapore) before becoming the first taekwondo master sent to Australia by the Republic of Korea.

Rhee has worked towards the reunification of Korea, serving as a member during the third through ninth terms—and as Chairman for the eighth term—of the Oceania Division of the Advisory Council for Democratic and Peaceful Unification.[8] He has also served as Chairman of the Seoul Olympics Supporting Committee and founding President of the Korean Community Hall Construction Supporting Committee.[8] The Republic of Korea awarded Rhee the Dongbaeg Medal (동백장) in 2003 for promoting taekwondo and Korean culture over the past 33 years.[6]

Two of Rhee's brothers also hold the title of Master in Rhee Taekwon-Do,[5] and assist him in managing parts of the school:

  • Chong Hyup Rhee, 7th dan, is in charge of operations in Melbourne. He appears on the right in the school's logo. C. H. Rhee is also one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo,[7] and helped introduce the art of taekwondo to Malaysia and Singapore[6] before arriving in Australia in 1970. He conducts grading examinations in Melbourne and Darwin.[9]
  • Chong Yoon Rhee, 7th dan, is in charge of operations in parts of Sydney, and is a former South Korean army officer.

C. C. Rhee and C. H. Rhee are listed as pioneers in Asia (1950s and 1960s) and Australia (1970s) in Chang Keun Choi's list of taekwondo pioneers.[10]

[edit] Significance

Rhee Taekwon-Do occupies a prominent place in Australian taekwondo history. This is reflected in three key claims:[2][3] (1) Rhee is the Father of Australian Taekwondo, (2) Rhee Taekwon-Do is the first taekwondo school in Australia, and (3) Rhee Taekwon-Do is the biggest taekwondo school in Australia. The school has widely publicised these claims since at least the 1980s.

[edit] Father of Australian Taekwondo

No one has challenged Rhee's claim as the Father of Australian Taekwondo. The title might be debated, however, based on claims made about four other martial art masters:

A ladies' training session being conducted by a senior Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor
A ladies' training session being conducted by a senior Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor
  • Chan Yong Kim, 9th dan, was the first tang soo do instructor in Australia.[11] He arrived in the early 1960s,[11][12][13] sponsored by the Silvertop Taxi Karate Club[11][14] or the Australian Judo Federation,[15] and stayed for one or two years before moving overseas. Kim might be considered the first taekwondo instructor in Australia,[7] and so might lay claim to the title. He did not establish a taekwondo school in Australia.
  • Jack Rozinsky, 9th dan (Jidokwan), founded the Shuto Karate Club in 1963;[14][16] it later became the Melbourne Taekwondo Centre. As Rozinsky taught tang soo do there, he might be considered the first taekwondo school founder in Australia,[8] and so might lay claim to the title. He did not introduce taekwondo outside Victoria.
  • Terence Walsh, 8th dan (World Kido Federation), claims to have introduced taekwondo to New South Wales in 1969.[17][18] If he was the first to introduce taekwondo to Australia's most populous state, then he might lay claim to the title. He did not introduce taekwondo outside the eastern states.
  • Young Ku Yun, 8th dan (ITF), has been described as having introduced taekwondo to Sydney in 1971.[19] If he was the first to introduce taekwondo to Australia's largest city, then he might lay claim to the title. He arrived around five years after Rhee, however, and himself claimed to be the first ITF instructor (rather than the first taekwondo instructor) in Australia.[20]

Kim would have been in the lower dan ranks, and would not yet have held the title of Master, when he was invited to teach in Australia. Rozinsky and Walsh would have held 1st dan ranking in the 1960s. Both Rhee (KTA) and Yun (ITF) would have been in the middle dan ranks and held the title of Master when they arrived, as they were sent to Australia by their respective Korean governing bodies.

[edit] First taekwondo school in Australia

Rhee Taekwon-Do's position as the first taekwondo school in Australia might be challenged by the Melbourne Taekwondo Centre (originally the Shuto Karate Club),[14] as tang soo do was one of the arts taught there.[9] Rhee's school is the first nationwide taekwondo school in Australia, having operated in South Australia from at least 1967, Western Australia from at least 1970,[21] Victoria from at least 1971, the Australian Capital Territory from 1971,[22] Queensland from at least 1973,[23] New South Wales from at least 1974, and Tasmania from at least 1983.[24] The first Rhee Taekwon-Do class was held in the Adelaide YMCA centre.[25]

[edit] Biggest taekwondo school in Australia

Rhee Taekwon-Do's position as the biggest taekwondo school in Australia is supported by independently-verifiable listings of dojang.[2][5] The claim might be disputed if the Australian members of the ITF and the WTF were considered as 'schools' as a whole, but Rhee Taekwon-Do is a single school under the direct leadership of Rhee while both the ITF[26][27] and WTF[28] are groups of schools (each with its own head) under a larger governing body.

[edit] Ex-Rhee members

At least 20 founders of Australian martial art schools (and at least one in New Zealand) received their foundational taekwondo training in Rhee Taekwon-Do or are former Rhee Taekwon-Do instructors. Of these ex-members, the highest-ranked was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 4th dan instructor when he left Rhee's school.

Rhee promoting a member to the rank of Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan
Rhee promoting a member to the rank of Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan

[edit] International Taekwon-Do Federation

Ex-members who founded ITF schools include three of the most senior ITF instructors in Australia. Ming Tuck Low, 8th dan, attained the rank of Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan in 1971, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor at the University of Western Australia in 1972.[29][30][31] Peter Wong, 7th dan, trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Western Australia in the early 1970s.[32] Jamie Moore, 7th dan, commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in 1976.[33] Several other ex-members have founded ITF schools.[10]

[edit] Other taekwondo styles

Ex-members who founded non-ITF taekwondo schools include three of the more expansionist instructors in Australia. John Ivanov, 7th dan, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do regional instructor in Queensland in 1995.[34][35][36] Robert Frost, 6th dan, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do regional instructor in New South Wales in 2003.[37][38] Lesley Hicks, 6th dan, commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in the late 1970s, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 3rd dan regional instructor in New South Wales in 2003.[39][40][41] At least three other ex-members have founded non-ITF taekwondo schools.[11]

[edit] Other martial arts

Ex-members who founded schools teaching martial arts other than taekwondo include three instructors with an eclectic martial arts history. Hans Fricke, 8th dan, first met Rhee in Perth in 1970, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd dan instructor in Sydney during the 1970s, and now teaches battodo.[21][42] Christopher Nasilowski, 10th dan, trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Adelaide from 1972–1984, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd dan instructor, and now teaches arnis and jujitsu.[43] Graham Healy, 7th dan, trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Queensland from 1977–1982, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan instructor, and now teaches boxing and taekwondo.[44][45] At least three other ex-members have founded other martial art schools.[12]

[edit] Training

A Rhee Taekwon-Do self-defence drill to practise deflecting an incoming punch aimed at the face
A Rhee Taekwon-Do self-defence drill to practise deflecting an incoming punch aimed at the face

Rhee Taekwon-Do training consists of exercises that may be classified as: basics (group drill exercises; similar to kihon in karate), destruction (breaking), hyung (patterns or forms), self-defence, and sparring. Basics, destruction, hyung, and self-defence are similar to equivalent exercises in other traditional martial art schools. Rhee Taekwon-Do sparring is different to that in ITF and WTF schools, having more in common with traditional karate sparring.

Rhee Taekwon-Do sparring is unscored, unarmoured,[46] and usually 'non-contact' in principle. Members typically achieve non-contact sparring by two methods, whether separately or in combination:

  • The attacker consciously stops just short of hitting the training partner, while still executing attacks with full speed and power.[46][47] The attacker has primary responsibility for non-contact, at a given moment during sparring, and this typically occurs when one training partner has more experience than the other.
  • The defender actively avoids or blocks an incoming attack executed by the training partner.[48] The defender has primary responsibility for non-contact, at a given moment during sparring, and this typically occurs with training partners of similar experience.

[edit] Ranks

A twin knife-hand strike into two stacks of roof tiles as part of a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd dan grading test
A twin knife-hand strike into two stacks of roof tiles as part of a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd dan grading test

Rhee Taekwon-Do ranks are denoted by coloured belts, which indicate a member's level of experience and responsibility within the school. There are ten coloured belt grades, or kup ranks (급), and nine black belt degrees, or dan ranks (단).[49]

Members start with white belts and progress through yellow, green, blue, brown, and then black. 'Tips' denoting odd-numbered kup ranks are marked by a stripe of the higher colour near the right end (from the wearer's point of view) of a belt of the lower colour. Dan ranks are represented by a white bars embroidered on a black belt. A black belt with no bars is a Junior Black Belt, a rank assigned to members considered too young for 1st dan.

To attain Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan ranking typically takes around five years of regular training. Progression through the school's dan ranks is by invitation,[50] and is usually slower than in other taekwondo schools. Promotion to 2nd dan might come after 10–15 years, in which time someone might have reached 4th dan (ITF)[10] or 5th dan (WTF).[51] Promotion to 3rd dan might come after 20–25 years, in which time someone might have reached 6th dan (ITF)[10] or 7th dan (WTF).[51] Several former Rhee Taekwon-Do instructors who joined other taekwondo organisations received new ranks consistent with these approximations.[13]

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

^  "Rhee Taekwon-Do" is the spelling used in the earliest versions of the school's logo. All four spellings appear in official Rhee Taekwon-Do documentation and on Rhee Taekwon-Do uniforms.

^  Rhee Taekwon-Do has also operated in other parts of Oceania in the past, such as Papua New Guinea. In 2008, the school appears to operate exclusively in Australia and New Zealand.

^  The University of Melbourne's Tae Kwon Do Club might be considered an exception; it is described as being affiliated to both Rhee Taekwon-Do and the WTF.[52]

^  The KTA (1961) predated both the ITF (1966) and the WTF (1973).[53][54] The modern KTA is closely aligned to the WTF.[55]

^  Vernon Low, 6th dan, also holds the title of Master in Rhee Taekwon-Do. He is in charge of the school's South Australian operations, and is known as Rhee's number one student.

^  While discussing the introduction of taekwondo to Malaysia and Singapore, Ki Ha Rhee noted that Choi had instructed him to bring another instructor with him. Almost certainly referring to C. H. Rhee, he added, "That's why I took the brother of Rhee Chong Chul—from Rhee International—he was the first to graduate so he came to Malaysia then I brought him to Singapore" (p. 52).[56]

^  The Korean striking art taught by Kim, Rozinsky, and No in the 1960s was described as tang soo do[11] or Korean karate,[12] and not as taekwondo. It is a matter of interpretation whether the art should be called taekwondo retrospectively. The Shuto Karate Club (founded by Rozinsky in 1963)[14] later became the Melbourne Taekwondo Centre, and tang soo do was one of the arts taught there. Rhee was the first to use the name "taekwondo" officially in Australia.

^  Ex-members who founded ITF schools also include: Misko (Michael) Kordanovski, 6th dan;[57][58][59] Graham Moulden, 5th dan;[60][61] Spiridon Cariotis, 5th dan;[62][63] Steve Weston, 5th dan;[24] Steven Luxmoore, 5th dan;[64] Trevor Harbrow, 2nd dan;[65][66][67] and Shane Astwood, 3rd dan.[68] Kordanovski was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 4th dan instructor under C. H. Rhee in Melbourne; his nephew Dragi Kuzmanovski trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do from 1975–1995 and was also a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor.[57] Moulden commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in 1979, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 3rd dan regional instructor in 1993. Cariotis trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do around the early 1980s. Weston commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Tasmania in 1983, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan instructor in 1993. Luxmoore trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Queensland from 1986–1991, and attained the rank of Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan. Harbrow was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd dan instructor in New Zealand in 2003. Astwood commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in 1992, and was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 1st dan instructor in 2003.

^  Ex-members who founded non-ITF taekwondo schools also include: Hassan Iskandar, 7th dan (WTF);[69] Trevor Dicks, 7th dan;[34] Glen Corbett, 5th dan;[70] and Paul Corbett, 5th dan.[71] Iskandar trained in Rhee Taekwon-Do in Sydney in the 1970s, and now leads a WTF school in Tasmania. Dicks was a Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd dan regional instructor in Queensland in 1993. G. Corbett and P. Corbett began training in Rhee Taekwon-Do in 1979 and 1980, respectively, in New South Wales.

^  Ex-members who founded schools teaching martial arts other than taekwondo also include: Sai Thow Lam;[29][30] Rod Power;[72] and Bradley Tatnell, 5th dan.[73] Lam commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Western Australia in the early 1970s, and now teaches his own martial art. Power commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Western Australia in the 1970s, and now teaches Chinese martial arts. Tatnell commenced Rhee Taekwon-Do training in Queensland in the 1980s, was a Rhee Taekwon-Do instructor in 1993, and now teaches hapkido and taekwondo.

^  Ivanov, Dicks, Frost, and Hicks all rose from Rhee Taekwon-Do 2nd/3rd dan to 5th/6th dan, promoted by the WTF or other taekwondo organisations, within a year or two of leaving Rhee's school. Moulden and Harbrow were exceptions to this trend.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b An interview with World Master Chong Chul Rhee, 8th Dan, The Father of Australian Taekwon-Do (Originally from an Australasian Fighting Arts article in March 1985.) Retrieved on 13 June 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d See the Martial Arts section of the Yellow Pages telephone directory from any Australian state capital city since at least the 1980s.
  3. ^ a b c See the back cover of Australasian Fighting Arts since at least 1995, including volumes 17(6) from 1995, 18(4) from 1996, and 19(1) from 1997.
  4. ^ a b See any of the Rhee Taekwon-Do regional websites listed in the External links section of this article.
  5. ^ a b Rhee Taekwon-Do: National Listing Retrieved on 17 June 2007.
  6. ^ a b Chong, S. (2003): '호주 태권도 대부' 이종철씨, 국민훈장 동백장 서훈, The Sydney Korean Herald (28 January 2003). Retrieved on 15 July 2007; link has expired, as at 30 January 2008.
  7. ^ a b A tribute to the original masters Retrieved on 13 June 2007.
  8. ^ a b Former Chairmen of the ODCC Retrieved on 24 April 2003; link has expired, as at 15 July 2007.
  9. ^ Rhee Tae Kwon Do NT Retrieved on 24 August 2007.
  10. ^ a b c Choi, C. K. (2007): Tae Kwon Do Pioneers Retrieved on 15 March 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d Ta'kody, J. (2001): "Jack Rozinsky: The art of a lifetime (Part 1)," Australasian Taekwondo, 10(1):8–11.
  12. ^ a b No's Taekwondo Retrieved on 15 June 2007.
  13. ^ Stone, B. (2003): "Man of honour: Master Ke Hyung No," Australasian Taekwondo, 12(3):14–17.
  14. ^ a b c d Anon. (2007): "Jack Rozinsky," in S. Morelli (Ed.), Taekwondo: Special collector's edition 2007 (pp. 54–55). Mulgrave, Australia: Blitz Publications.
  15. ^ Biography of Grandmaster Chan-Yong Kim Retrieved on 15 June 2007.
  16. ^ Rozinsky, J. (1996): "Fighting frames," Australasian Taekwondo, 4(4):53.
  17. ^ Walsh, T. F. (1999): "Grandmaster Kwang Sung Hang: Taekwondo pioneer," Australasian Taekwondo, 8(3):48–50.
  18. ^ Walsh Martial Arts Australia Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
  19. ^ Anon. (1997): "Grandmaster Yun: The changing face of martial arts," Australasian Taekwondo, 6(2):9–12.
  20. ^ Yun Jung Do Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
  21. ^ a b Fricke, H. J. (2004): 35 years down memory lane … with Rhee International Tae Kwon Do (1970–1979) Retrieved on 1 January 2005; link has expired, as at 26 July 2007.
  22. ^ Muyot, J. (1993): "The A.C.T. celebrates 21st anniversary," Rhee Taekwondo, Autumn 1993:12–13.
  23. ^ The History of Rhee Taekwondo Retrieved on 30 August 2007.
  24. ^ a b Southern ITF Taekwon-Do Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
  25. ^ History of Rhee Taekwondo Retrieved on 3 November 2007.
  26. ^ International Taekwon-Do Federation Constitution (28 April 2007) (ITF-NK, Chang) Retrieved on 26 August 2007.
  27. ^ International Taekwon-Do Federation Constitution (ITF-C, Choi) Retrieved on 26 August 2007.
  28. ^ World Taekwondo Federation organizational chart Retrieved on 26 August 2007.
  29. ^ a b McQueen, P. (2006): "Smart—not hard," Australasian Taekwondo, 15(2):28–33.
  30. ^ a b Ainley, M. (1997): "All in the family," Australasian Taekwondo, 6(4):37–40.
  31. ^ Low Taekwon-Do Academy Retrieved on 24 April 2003; link updated on 14 June 2007.
  32. ^ Tae Kwon-Do Ki-Do Kwan Retrieved on 15 June 2007.
  33. ^ Authentic Taekwon-Do Australia Retrieved on 24 April 2003.
  34. ^ a b Anon. (1995): "Inside Rhee Tae Kwon-Do," Australasian Taekwondo, 4(3):15–17.
  35. ^ South Pacific Taekwon-Do Retrieved on 26 August 2007.
  36. ^ Taekwon-Do International Dan Certifications Retrieved on 12 October 2007.
  37. ^ Toogee Taekwondo Retrieved on 17 June 2007.
  38. ^ Toogee Treks Retrieved on 17 June 2007.
  39. ^ Seedsman, N., & Stone, B. (2005): "The spirit of self-defence: An interview with Master Les Hicks," Australasian Taekwondo, 14(1):58–62.
  40. ^ Shimjang Taekwondo Retrieved on 26 August 2007.
  41. ^ Anon. (2007): "Master Les Hicks," in S. Morelli (Ed.), Taekwondo: Special collector's edition 2007 (pp. 98–99). Mulgrave, Australia: Blitz Publications.
  42. ^ Australian Battodo Association Dan registry Retrieved on 25 August 2007.
  43. ^ Martial arts biography: Christopher Nasilowski Retrieved on 30 July 2007.
  44. ^ Healy's Health and Fitness Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
  45. ^ Condensed time line history of Master Graham Healy Retrieved on 17 April 2008.
  46. ^ a b Anon. (1993): "Master Rhee: Interview by a special reporter," Rhee Taekwondo, Autumn 1993:4–5.
  47. ^ Lofthouse, D. (1993): "No contact," Rhee Taekwondo, Summer 1993:7.
  48. ^ Coleman, A. (1993): "Effective self-defence is learnt through non-contact sparring," Rhee Taekwondo, Summer 1993:31.
  49. ^ See any Rhee Taekwon-Do membership booklet.
  50. ^ Anon. (2006): "Juliette presented with high honour from World Master," Maryborough Herald (10 May 2006), p. 21.
  51. ^ a b Kukkiwon promotion test regulations (Article 8) Retrieved on 19 July 2007.
  52. ^ Melbourne University Sport - Clubs - Tae Kwon Do Retrieved on 18 April 2008.
  53. ^ Korea Taekwondo Association: History Retrieved on 3 September 2007.
  54. ^ Kim, S. J. (2006): History of Taekwondo Retrieved on 28 July 2007.
  55. ^ Korea Taekwondo Association: Organization Retrieved on 3 September 2007.
  56. ^ Anon. (2007): "In the words of a master: GM Rhee Ki Ha, 9th Dan," Australasian Taekwondo, 16(3):50–54.
  57. ^ a b Ainley, M. (1997): "Kicking out west," Australasian Taekwondo, 6(4):78–79.
  58. ^ Advertisement for ITF Tae Kwon Do Ho Shin (2006) in Australasian Taekwondo, 15(3):23.
  59. ^ Taekwondo Ho Shin Retrieved on 4 April 2008.
  60. ^ Queensland Self Defence and Taekwon-Do Academy Retrieved on 1 September 2003.
  61. ^ International examinations for QSDTA instructors (26 September 2004) Retrieved on 21 July 2007.
  62. ^ Profile of Sabum Spiridon Cariotis Retrieved on 20 September 2007.
  63. ^ Brown, R. (2007): "Fighting spirit: Spiridon Cariotis," Australasian Taekwondo, 16(3):26–32.
  64. ^ Chosun Taekwon-Do's Instructors Retrieved on 17 June 2007.
  65. ^ Davidson, E. (2003): "President's corner," Taekwon-Do Talk, 2003(2):20. Retrieved on 26 July 2007.
  66. ^ McPhail, P., & Pygott, V. (2006): "A brief history of ITFNZ Taekwon-Do (Part 3)," Taekwon-Do Talk, 2006(1):14–15. Retrieved on 26 July 2007.
  67. ^ Ji Shin Manuwera Retrieved on 26 July 2007.
  68. ^ Yin Yang: Our Instructors Retrieved on 28 July 2007.
  69. ^ Anon. (1999): "The caring crusader," Australasian Taekwondo, 8(3):8–12.
  70. ^ Glen Corbett Retrieved on 15 April 2008.
  71. ^ Paul Corbett Retrieved on 15 April 2008.
  72. ^ Anon. (1996): "Power to the people: Rod Power," Blitz, 10(12):39–40.
  73. ^ Sun Bae Taekwondo and Hapkido Retrieved on 24 April 2003.

[edit] External links