Republic of Cebu
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The Republic of Cebu is a political ideal of separating the Cebu Province from the rest of the Philippines, and a cultural reaction to what many Cebuanos view as "Tagalism" in the current curriculum of the government's Department of Education.
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[edit] Precursor to the idea
Cebu has always maintained its relative autonomy from the central government even during the Spanish regime. Originally the Spaniards designated Cebu as the capital of Las Islas Felipinas, but due to food shortages and noncooperation of the natives (who choose to go to the mountains instead of being subservient to the conquistadores), the Spaniards moved to Panay, and later to Manila.
During the 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spain, Cebuano elite supported Spanish control and even downgraded the efforts of Manila-based nationalists. The revolution came much later to Cebu, in 1898, and although the Cebuano nationalists under Gen. Arcadio Maxilom pledged allegiance to the government of Emilio Aguinaldo, they did not implement a key instruction from Aguinaldo's Secretary of War, Gen. Antonio Luna.
The Cebuano-American War was one of the costliest phase of the Filipino-American War; it was only in 1906 when Cebuano nationalists finally surrendered to American forces when the Americans resorted to burning of towns and reconcentration of persons.
During the Marcos dictatorship, Cebu was also known as a hotbed of protest, along with Zamboanga. Although Eduardo Gullas (who was aligned with Marcos) was governor from 1976 to 1986, known opposition figure Hilario Davide, Sr. was also active.
[edit] The idea today
During the governorship of Emilio Osmeña typhoon Ruping hit Cebu and devastated the trade-based economy and threatened the collapse of food supply (Cebu has never been sufficient when it comes to food production). Desperate pleas to the national government for help was met with outright refusal since Manila was also busy with rebuilding Luzon. The motto "Cebu is down but not out, and we can stand on our own" became a battle cry for Cebuano leaders. CEBOOM was born.
Lito Osmeña touted the idea of proclaiming Cebu as an independent republic from the Philippines, but never really took steps to effect such a change except in the area of economic strength. Today Cebu remains as the top-grossing provinces of the Philippines.
In 2005, when talks of toppling Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo from power was ripe in Manila, Cebu governor Gwen Garcia and governors from other provinces in the Visayas issued proclamations that their provinces will separate from the Philippines if Arroyo is removed from power.
[edit] The idea as a cultural protest
- See also: Imperial Manila
Many Cebuanos have expressed concerns regarding what they view as Manila-centric education curriculum promoted by the government's Department of Education. Cebuano language, history and culture is not taught in schools except as peripheral to that of the national scope.
During the 1971 Constitutional Convention Cebuano delegates were instrumental in forging the unrealistic and impossible "amalgam" concept of a national language. During the 1986 Constitutional Commission, appointed delegates for Cebu compromised on the language provision. The same provision was later used by "Tagalists" to push the increase of contact time for Filipino.
Cebu Governor Lito Osmeña filed protests at the Regional Trial Court against the instruction from the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) to use Filipino as the official medium of instruction. The court maintained Cebu's right to stop the implementation of the order. DECS appealed, but in 1998, the Cebu government dropped the case due to pressures from President Joseph Estrada.
[edit] Criticism of the political idea
Critics of the concept of a political Republic of Cebu point to the lack of adequate food and potable water supply for Cebu in case it separates itself from the rest of the country. Currently the economy of Cebu is based on trade, a big part of job force are migrants from other areas of the Visayas and Mindanao, and it is importing rice to compensate for the low production within the province.
[edit] References
- Cebuano resistance against Spain is covered in the second part of Dionisio Sy's "A Short History of Cebu", published by BATHALAD, Inc. (Cebu City) in 1997.
- Cebuano resistance against the Americans and the actions during the Cebuano-American War can be found in Resil Mojares' "Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu: The War against the Americans" (Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999.
