Relaxed pronunciation
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Relaxed pronunciation (also called condensed pronunciation or word slurs) is a phenomenon that happens when the syllables of common words are slurred together. It is almost always present in normal speech, in all natural languages (not in some constructed languages such as Loglan or Lojban, which are designed so that all words are parsable).
Some shortened forms of words and phrases, such as contractions or weak forms can be considered to derive from relaxed pronunciations, but a phrase with a relaxed pronunciation is not the same as a contraction. In English, where contractions are common, they are considered part of the standard language and accordingly used in many contexts (except on very formal speech or in formal/legal writing); however, relaxed pronunciation is markedly informal in register. This is also sometimes reflected in writing: contractions have a standard written form, but relaxed pronunciations may not, outside of dialect spelling.
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[edit] English
The following a list of a few common words said with relaxed pronunciation in American English, along with pronunciations given in IPA, and a common written indication of this pronunciation where applicable:
- a lot of: [əˈlɑɾə], "a lotta"
- could have: [ˈkʊɾə], "coulda"
- did you: [ˈdɪdʒə], "didja"
- don't you: [ˈdoʊɲtʃə], "doncha"
- don't know: [dəˈnoʊ], "dunno"
- get you / get your: [ˈgɛtʃə], "getcha"
- give me: [ˈgɪmi], "gimme"
- going to: [ˈgʌnə], "gonna"
- got you: [ˈgɑtʃə], "gotcha"
- got to: [ˈgɑɾə], "gotta"
- have to: [ˈhæftə], "hafta"
- is he: [ˈɪzi], "izee"
- is it: [zɪt], "zit"
- it would / it would have: [ˈɪɾə], "itta"
- kind of: [ˈkaɪɾ̃ə], "kinda"
- let me: [ˈlɛmi], "lemme"
- must have: [ˈmʌstə], "musta"
- out of: [ˈaʊɾə], "outta"
- probably: [ˈpɹɑli], "prolly"
- should have: [ˈʃʊɾə], "shoulda"
- want to: [ˈwʌnə], "wanna"
- what is that: [ˌwʌˈsæt], "wussat"
- what is up: [wəˈsʌp], "wassup"
- what is up: [sʌp], "sup"
- what do you / what are you: [ˈwʌtʃə], "whatcha"
- what do you / what are you: [ˈwʌɾəjə], "whaddaya"
- would have: [ˈwʊɾə], "woulda"
- would you: [ˈwʊdʒə], "wouldja"
- you all: [jɑl], "y'all"
[edit] Dutch
- kweenie = Ik weet het niet ("I don't know")
- der = de hare ("hers")
- ie = hij ("he"), often used in phrases such as dattie for dat hij ("that he")
- amme = aan mijn ("on / to my"), for example in ammezolen for aan mijn zolen ("not on your life")
Often, especially in Flemish Dutch, the -t at the end of the word is omitted.
- nie = niet
- da = dat For example, kweet da nie = Ik weet dat niet ("I don't know that")
[edit] Russian
The most notable example in Russian language is the greeting здравствуйте ([ˈzdrastvujtʲɪ]), which is colloquially pronounced as [ˈzdrastʲɪ].
[edit] French
Among other relaxed pronunciations, tu as (you have) is frequently elided to t'as in colloquial French. The same with je suis (I am) to chuis. Or je (ne) sais pas (I don't know) to chais pas. Moreover, most of the negative forms ne or n' are lost in non-formal discussion. The expression, "Qu'est-ce que..." isn't used too much in colloquial speech for forming the interrogative, but when it is, it's shortened to:
"Qu'est-ce que tu veux ?" becomes... "Quess tu veux ?"
"Qu'est-ce que tu as dit?" becomes... "Quess t'as dit?"
[edit] Spanish
The most notable example is Chilean Spanish.
Forms of the verb estar ("to be") are often shortened by dropping the first syllable (as if the verb were *tar).
- Acá está. → Acá ta. ("Here it is", joking tone or baby-talk)
The preposition para ("for", "in order to") can be shortened to pa' (this sounds uneducated in most dialects):
- Pa' servirlo. (lit. "To serve you", i. e. "At your service".)
- No es pa' cualquiera. ("It is not for anyone.")
The d in the final -ado of past participles is usually pronounced softly, and, in relaxed pronunciation, can disappear: Estoy cansado ("I am tired") is heard as Toy cansao. Doing so with the final -ido, as in *Toy perdío ("I am lost"), is perceived as more uneducated. This can lead to hypercorrections like *bacalado instead of bacalao ("cod").
The preposition de ("of") also tends to get shortened to e when the previous word ends in a vowel.
In many dialects, the very common phrase voy a + infinitive ("I'm going to..."), which shows the immediate future tense, is shortened: some people pronounce vua /bwa/, others via /bja/. This is quite common but also considered uneducated.
Some dialects like Andalusian Spanish lose the syllable-final s. Since it is important as a mark of plurals, it is substituted with vowel opening.
The contractions:
- para + el = pal
- para + la = pala
- para + los = palos
- para + las = palas
Or the common pa'que from para que.
[edit] Portuguese
Examples:
- tá = está ([it/she/he] is)
- 'vambora = vamos embora (let's go)
- 'bora = vamos embora (let's go)
- pra, pa = para (to)
- cê = você (you)
- home = homem (man)
- vô = vou (I will)
- portuga, tuga = português (both for the Portuguese people and language)
- para + o = pro -further contraction-> po
- para + a = pra -> pa
- para + os = pros -> pos
- para + as = pras -> pas
In some dialects, que (that) is reduced to the "q" sound:
- que + a = q'a
- que + o = q'o
- que + ela = q'ela (that she)
- que + ele = q'ele (that he)
- que + é = q'é (that is)
- que + foi = q'foi (that was), etc...
[edit] Japanese
Japanese can undergo some vowel deletion or consonant mutation in relaxed speech. While these are common occurrences in the formation of some regular words, typically after the syllables ku or tsu, as in 学校 gakkō (学 gaku + 校 kō) "school" or 出発 shuppatsu (出 shutsu + 発 hatsu) "departure", in rapid speech, these changes can appear in words that did not have them before, such as suizokkan for suizokukan 水族館 "aquarium." Additionally, the syllables ra, ri, ru, re and ro sometimes become simply n or when they occur before another syllable beginning with n or d, and disappear entirely before syllabic n. This can happen within a word or between words, such as 分かんない wakannai "I dunno" for 分からない wakaranai "I don't know" or もう来てんだよ mō kite n da yo "they're already here" for もう来ているんだよ mō kite iru n da yo.
Relaxed pronunciation also makes use of several contractions.
