Reginald Wingate

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General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, 1st Baronet GCB GCVO GBE KCMG DSO TD (25 June 1861–29 January 1953), usually known as Reginald Wingate, was a British general and administrator in Egypt and the Sudan.

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[edit] Early life

Wingate was born at Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire, the seventh son of Andrew Wingate, a textile merchant of Glasgow, and Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Turner of Dublin. His father died when he was a year old, and the family, in straitened circumstances, moved to Jersey, where he was educated at St James's Collegiate School.

[edit] Military career

He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 27 July 1880.[1] He served in India and Aden from March 1881 to 1883, when he joined the 4th Battalion of the Egyptian Army[2] on its reorganisation by Sir Evelyn Wood with the brevet rank of Major. In the Gordon Relief Expedition of 1884–1885 he was ADC and military secretary to Sir Evelyn. In 1883 he received the Order of the Osmanieh 4th Class from the Khedive.[3] In June 1885 he was Mentioned in Despatches for service in operations in the Suakin and Upper Nile regions.[4]

After holding an appointment in England for a brief period as ADC to Wood, who was now General Officer Commanding Eastern District,[5] he rejoined the Egyptian Army in 1886[6] as assistant military secretary to Sir Francis Grenfell. In 1887 he received the Order of the Medjidieh 4th Class.[7] He took part in the operations on the Sudan frontier in 1889, including the engagement at Toski — for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO)[8] — and in the further operations in 1891, being present at the capture of Tokar. His principal work was in the intelligence branch,[9] of which he became assistant adjutant-general in 1888 and director in 1892. A master of Arabic, his knowledge of the country, the examination of prisoners, refugees and others from the Sudan, and the study of documents captured from the Dervishes enabled him to publish in 1891 Mahdiism and the Egyptian Sudan, an authoritative account of the rise of the Muhammad Ahmad and of subsequent events in the Sudan up to that date. In 1891 he was promoted to the 3rd Class of the Order of the Medjidieh.[10][11] In 1894 he was governor of Suakin. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1895 Queen's Birthday Honours.[12] and was promoted to Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel on 18 November 1896.[13]

Largely through his assistance, Father Ohrwalder and two nuns escaped from Omdurman in 1891. Wingate also made the arrangements which led to the escape of Slatin Pasha in 1895. He translated into English Father Ohrwalder's narrative (Ten Years in the Mahdi's Camp, 1892) and Slatin's book (Fire and Sword in the Sudan, 1896).

As director of military intelligence he served in the campaigns of 1896–1898 which resulted in the reconquest of the Sudan, including the engagement at Firket, the battles of the Atbara and Omdurman and the expedition to Fashoda. He was again Mentioned in Despatches for this work.[14] He briefly (March–June 1897) went to Abyssinia as second in command of the Rennell Rodd mission, for which he was awarded the Star of Ethiopia 2nd Class.[15] For his services he was promoted Brevet Colonel and made an extra ADC to Queen Victoria on 17 December 1897,[16] received the thanks of Parliament, and was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 11 November 1898.[17] On 8 September 1898 he was promoted to the regimental rank of Major.[18] Wingate was in command of an expeditionary force which in November 1899 defeated the remnant of the Dervish host at the Umm Diwaykarat, Kordofan, the khalifa being among the slain. For this achievement he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 13 March 1900[19] and awarded the Order of Osmanieh 2nd Class.[20]

[edit] Administrative career

In December 1899, on Lord Kitchener being summoned to South Africa, Sir Reginald Wingate succeeded him as Governor-General of the Sudan and Sirdar of the Egyptian Army, being promoted to Local Major-General on 22 December 1899.[21] His administration of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, between 1899 and 1916, was successful, with the country regaining a degree of prosperity and its infrastructure being rebuilt and expanded. In 1901 he was promoted to the Order of the Medjidieh 1st Class[22] and in 1905 to the Order of the Osmanieh 1st Class.[23] In 1903 he was promoted substantive Major-General and in 1908 Lieutenant-General. He was also created a pasha and in 1905 received the honorary degree of DCL from the University of Oxford. In 1909, at the request of the British government, Wingate undertook a special mission to Somaliland to report on the military situation in connection with the proposed evacuation of the interior of the protectorate. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) on 17 January 1912,[24] Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1914 King's Birthday Honours,[25] and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1918 New Year Honours.[26] He was made Honorary Colonel of the 7th Battalion, Manchester Regiment on 16 December 1914,[27] and a Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery on 17 May 1917.[28] In 1915 he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile[29] and in 1917 the Grand Cordon of the Order of Mohammed Ali.[30] He was promoted General between 1912 and 1914. From 1916 to 1919 he was also commander of military operations in the Hedjaz.[31]

In 1917, Wingate succeeded Sir Henry McMahon as High Commissioner in Egypt, a post he held until 1919. He was not a successful administrator in the very different political climate in that country, and was made a scapegoat for the riots incited by Saad Zaghlul and his party that plagued Egypt. Angry at his treatment, Wingate refused to actually resign, even after he was officially replaced by Lord Allenby, and threatened to embarrass the British Government. He was made a knight of the Venerable Order of St John in 1919.[32] He was refused a peerage or another appointment, although he was created a baronet in the 1920 King's Birthday Honours,[33] gazetted as Baronet Wingate of Dunbar, in the County of Haddington, and of Port Sudan.[34] He never held another public or military office, retiring from the Army on 1 February 1922,[35] but became a director of a number of companies. He continued to hold his honorary positions in the army, as Colonel Commandant, Royal Artillery and Honorary Colonel of the 6th/7th battalion Manchester Regiment (which he retained until 27 September 1949.[36]), for these services he was awarded the Efficiency Decoration in 1935.[37] He was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of East Lothian.[38] For many years he was the senior general of the British Army.

Wingate married Catherine Rundle (later Dame Catherine Wingate) on 18 June 1888.

Preceded by
The Lord Kitchener		 Governor-General of the Sudan
1899–1916		 Succeeded by
Sir Lee Stack
Preceded by
Sir Henry McMahon		 British High Commissioner in Egypt
1917–1919		 Succeeded by
The Viscount Allenby

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ London Gazette: no. 24870, page 4258, 3 August 1880. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  2. ^ London Gazette: no. 25300, page 6688, 28 December 1883. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  3. ^ London Gazette: no. 25287, page 5381, 13 November 1883. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  4. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 25505, page 4042, 25 August 1885. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  5. ^ London Gazette: no. 25572, page 1469, 26 March 1886. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  6. ^ London Gazette: no. 25623, page 4327, 7 September 1886. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  7. ^ London Gazette: no. 25697, page 2441, 3 May 1887. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  8. ^ London Gazette: no. 25991, page 5919, 8 November 1889. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  9. ^ London Gazette: no. 25971, pages 4841–4842, 6 September 1889. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  10. ^ London Gazette: no. 26193, page 4437, 18 August 1891. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  11. ^ London Gazette: no. 26196, page 4614, 28 August 1891. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  12. ^ London Gazette: no. 26633, pages 3315–3316, 11 June 1895. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  13. ^ London Gazette: no. 26795, page 6272, 17 November 1896. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  14. ^ London Gazette: no. 26791, pages 6004–6005, 3 November 1896. Retrieved on 2007-11-07.
  15. ^ London Gazette: no. 26886, page 4812, 27 August 1897. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  16. ^ London Gazette: no. 26946, page 1503, 11 March 1898. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  17. ^ London Gazette: no. 27023, page 6689, 15 November 1898. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  18. ^ London Gazette: no. 27008, page 5651, 27 September 1898. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  19. ^ London Gazette: no. 27173, page 1709, 13 March 1900. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  20. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 27163, page 908, 9 February 1900. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  21. ^ London Gazette: no. 27171, page 1526, 6 March 1900. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  22. ^ London Gazette: no. 27263, page 81, 4 January 1901. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  23. ^ London Gazette: no. 27817, page 4901, 14 July 1905. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  24. ^ London Gazette: no. 28580, pages 1047–1048, 13 February 1912. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  25. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 28842, page 4876, 13 February 1912. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  26. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30460, page 365, 4 January 1918. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  27. ^ London Gazette: no. 29007, page 10703, 15 December 1914. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  28. ^ London Gazette: no. 30106, page 5407, 1 June 1917. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  29. ^ London Gazette: no. 29368, page 11320, 16 November 1915. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  30. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30030, page 3826, 20 April 1917. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  31. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31655, page 14290, 21 November 1919. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  32. ^ London Gazette: no. 31380, page 7064, 3 June 1919. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  33. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31931, page 6314, 4 June 1920. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  34. ^ London Gazette: no. 32035, page 8860, 31 August 1920. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  35. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32595, page 907, 31 January 1922. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  36. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38852, page 1095, 3 March 1950. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  37. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34156, page 2898, 3 May 1935. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.
  38. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 33549, page 7073, 5 November 1929. Retrieved on 2008-01-07.

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

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