Regent

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For other uses, see Regent (disambiguation).

A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns", is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present or debilitated.[1] Thus, the common use is for an acting deputy governor.

In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to rule during the interregnum when the royal line has died out. This was the case in Finland and Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944.

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), kings were elective, which often led to a fairly long interregnum. In the interim, it was the Polish Roman Catholic Primate who served as the regent, termed the "interrex" (Latin: ruler "between kings," as in ancient Rome).

Currently there are only two ruling Regencies in the world, sovereign Liechtenstein and the Malaysian constitutive state of Terengganu (see below).

Contents

[edit] Regents in various current monarchies

It should be noted that those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.

[edit] Belgium

[edit] Japan

[edit] Jordan

  • Prince Nayeff bin Abdullah from the 20th July to 5th September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of King Talal, who was in a Swiss mental hospital.
    • A regency council (Ibrahim Hashim, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen-mother Zein al-Sharaf) took over after the king's forced abdication and remained in office from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until the heir King Hussein came of age.
  • Crown Prince Hassan, from 4th July 1998 to 19th January 1999 while his brother King Hussein was undergoing cancer treatments.

[edit] Liechtenstein

[edit] Luxembourg

[edit] Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies

[edit] Terengganu

  • Tengku Muhammad Ismail (eight-years of age) co-reigns with the three-member Regency Advisory Council (Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja). His father, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin the Sultan of Terengganu was elected as 13th King of Malaysia. The Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reign as both the King of Malaysia and as Monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan was crowned as King on 13 December 2006 and the prince as the Regent (Pemangku Raja) of Terengganu effective on the same date.

[edit] Monaco

[edit] Netherlands

[edit] Norway

[edit] Oman

  • for the minor Hami Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan (b. 1790 - succeeded 20 November 1804 - d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 - 31 July 1806 Badr ibn Sayf (d. 1806)
  • for Sultan Turki ibn Sa`id (b. 1832 - succeeded 30 January 1871 - died 4 Jun 1888) : August - December 1875 Abdul-Aziz ibn Said - (b. 1850 - d. 1907)

[edit] Qatar

  • H.E. Shaikh 'Abdu'llah bin Jasim Al-Thani was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh Qasim ibn Muhammad Al Thani became incapacitated, 13th May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17th July 1913

[edit] Saudi Arabia

[edit] Spain

[edit] Sweden

[edit] Thailand (Siam)

  • for the minor Chulalongkorn (Rama V) (18 October 1868 - 23 October 1910) : 18 October 1868 - 16 November 1873 Chao Praya Siri Suriyawongse (d. 1882)
  • for Prajadhipok (Rama VII) (26 November 1925 - 2 March 1935; in self-imposed exile from 12 Jan 1934) : 12 January 1934 - 2 March 1935 Prince Naritsaranuwatiwong Chitchalerm
  • for Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) (2 March 1935 - 9 June 1946; in Switzerland to 5 December 1945) :
    • 2 March 1935 - 12 August 1935 Prince Oscar Anuvatana (president of Council of Regency)
    • 12 August 1935 - 1944 Prince Aditya Dibabha (president of Council of Regency)
    • 1944 - 9 June 1946 Pridi Banomyong -Regent
  • for present king Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) (9 June 1946 - ) :
    • 16 Jun 1946 - 1946 Prince Rangsit, Prince of Jainart -Regent (from 1947, president of Supreme Council of State)
    • 1946 - 5 May 1950 Prince Dhanivat Bidyalabh Bridhyakon "Prince Dhani" -Regent (president of Supreme Council of State)
    • 22 October 1956 - 7 December 1956 Queen Sirikit -Regent

[edit] United Kingdom and its constitutive realms

Main article: Regency Acts

[edit] England

[edit] Scotland

[edit] Regents in various former Monarchies

The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.

[edit] Afghan monarchies

Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals: Kabul, Herat, Qandahar and Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the Abdali tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with Ahmad Shah Abdali. They belong either to the Saddozay segment of the Popalzay clan (typically styled padshah, king) or to the Mohammadzay segment of the Barakzay clan (typically with the style Amir, in full Amir al-Mo´menin "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

[edit] Brazil

There were several regencies, all during the reign of Emperor Pedro II:

  • a provisional triumviral regency, 7 April - 18 June 1831, comprised José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, visconde e marquês de Caravelas, Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro and Francisco de Lima e Silva
  • another triumviral regency, 18 June 1831 - 12 October 1835, comprised the last-mentioned as well as José da Costa Carvalho and João Bráulio Muniz
  • Diogo António Feijó -Regent 12 October 1835 - 19 September 1837
  • Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil was Princess Regent of the Empire of Brazil three times (1871-1872; 1876-1877; 1887-1888) while her father traveled abroad. During her last regency she signed the abolition of slavery in Brazil (known as the "Lei Áurea", or "Golden Law"), on 13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the sobriquet Isabel the Redeemer. For the act of signing the Golden Law, she was awarded the Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII.

[edit] Bulgaria

  • Stefan Stambolov, during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887.
  • Prince Kyril of Preslav, during the minority of his dead brother (Boris III)'s son, Simeon II (1943–1944).

[edit] China

[edit] Egypt

[edit] Ethiopia

Ras Tafari Mekonenn during the reign of Empress Zewditu from 1922 to ascension to throne in 1931 as Haile Selassie

[edit] Finland

After the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic.

[edit] France

[edit] Greece

[edit] German monarchies

[edit] Anhalt

[edit] Baden

[edit] Bavaria

[edit] Brunswick

[edit] Hanover

[edit] Hesse-Kassel

  • Electoral Prince Frederick William (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector William II

[edit] Lippe

[edit] Mecklenburg-Schwerin

[edit] Mecklenburg-Strelitz

[edit] Prussia

[edit] Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

  • Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin Duke Charles Edward

[edit] Saxe-Meiningen

  • Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke Bernard II

[edit] Saxe-Weimar

[edit] Waldeck

  • Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince George Victor

[edit] Hungary

[edit] Iceland

[edit] Indian princely states

Both before and during the British raj (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native princely houses, many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval

[edit] Travancore

[edit] Korea

[edit] Iraq

In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king Faysal II (b. 1935 - d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) :

  • 4 April 1939 - 1 April 1941 Abdul Ilah (1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1958)
  • 1 April 1941 - 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 - d. 1955)
  • 1 June 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah (2nd time)

[edit] Italian former principalities

[edit] Parma

  • Louise of Artois (1854–1859), during the minority of her son duke Robert I.

[edit] Savoy

[edit] Romania

[edit] Russia

[edit] Other uses

In the ancient independent miniature republic of San Marino, a landlocked enclave within Central Italy, the two Captains Regent, or Capitani Reggenti, are elected annually as joint heads of state and of government.

Occasionally, the term regent refers to positions lower than the ruler of a country.

  • In the Dutch republic of the United Provinces, the members of the ruling class, not formally hereditary but de facto patricians, were known collectively as regenten (the Dutch plural for regent)
  • In the Dutch East Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized 'state' as a regentschap (see that term). Consequently, in the successor state of Indonesia, the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati (local government official).
  • Also used in private spheres, for instance, some university managers in North America are called regents, or the members of certain governing bodies of lofty institutions, such as the national banks, in France and (imitating) Belgium.
  • Again in Belgium and France, but far lower on the social ladder, (Régént in French; or in Dutch) Regent is the official title of a secondary school teacher of the lower years (equivalent to junior high school), who does not require a college degree but is trained solely for education in a specialized écôle normale = normal school.
  • A management board for a college or university; this is commonly stated as: "Board of Regents".
  • In the Philippines, specifically, the University of Santo Tomas, the Father Regent,who must be a Dominican Priest and is often also a teacher, serves as the College/Faculty/Institute's Spiritual Head and the "owner" of that College, Faculty or Institution as the Dominican representative. They also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative council of the University.

[edit] See also

[edit] Sources and references

  1. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as "A person appointed to administer a State because the Monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated."