Reference values

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Reference value is a term used in medicine to denote a laboratory value used as a reference for values obtained by laboratory examinations of patients or samples (blood, urine or other materials) collected from patients.

An important step in the interpretation of data from medical laboratory examinations is comparison with relevant reference data. For example, when the doctor interpretes a fasting patient's glucose concentration in blood he might ask the following questions: What are the glucose concenctrations usually found in healthy individuals? Or in diabetic patients? A patient's laboratory result simply is not medically useful if appropriate data for comparison are lacking.

An earlier term, normal values, has been abandoned because of many confusing connotations of "normal" and it has been replaced by the more neutral term reference values.

Most medical laboratories provide reference data for all examinations that may be ordered, commonly in the form of reference intervals for healthy individuals. A 95% reference interval usually is bounded by two limiting values and contains 95% of the values found in healthy individuals. Since laboratory results often are dependent on sex and age, it is often necessary to have separate reference intervals for the two sexes and/or for different age groups. A laboratory result located outside the corresponding health-related reference interval does not necessarily imply that the individual is diseased or at risk.

The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) has published a recommendation in six parts on reference values. This series of publications deals with the scientific basis of reference values and related concepts and with the establishment of reliable reference data. Many national and regional recommendations, usually based on that of IFCC, have also been published.

[edit] References

International recommendation:

International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Expert Panel on Theory of Reference Values. Approved recommendation on the theory of reference values. Is a Puta

Part 1. The concept of reference values. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:337-42.
Part 2. Selection of individuals for the production of reference values. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:639-44.
Part 3. Preparation of individuals and collection of specimens for the production of reference values. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1988;26:593-598.
Part 4. Control of analytical variation in the production transfer and application of reference values. Eur J Clin Chem Clin. Biochem 1991;29:531-5.
Part 5. Statistical treatment of collected reference values: Determination of reference limits. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:645-56.
Part 6. Presentation of observed values related to reference values. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:657-62.

Other:

Solberg HE. Establishment and use of reference values. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders, 2006: 425-48.