Wikipedia:Redirect
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This page documents an English Wikipedia editing guideline. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should follow, though it should be treated with common sense and the occasional exception. When editing this page, please ensure that your revision reflects consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page. |
- "WP:REDIRECT" redirects here. For general info and coordination guidelines for all Wikimedia projects, on creating redirects see Help:Redirect.
[edit] How to make a redirect (redirect command)
To redirect page A (the redirecting page) to a different page B (the target page), enter the following redirecting command at the top of the redirecting page.
#REDIRECT [[NAME OF PAGE B]]
For example, to redirect the Cambridge University page (redirecting page) to the University of Cambridge page (target page), edit the Cambridge University page and enter:
#REDIRECT [[University of Cambridge]]
You can also redirect to page sections within an article. See Meta:Help:Redirect#A redirect to an anchor:
#REDIRECT [[University of Cambridge#History]]
Consider that when the target page is displayed, it is likely that the top of the page will not be shown, so the user may not see the helpful "(redirected from... )" text unless they know to scroll back to the top. This is less likely to cause confusion if the redirect is to a heading with the same name as the redirect; see for example "Argument from contingency".
For redirects to a section heading, leave an editor’s note to remind others that the title is linked, so that if the title is altered, the redirect can be changed: for example:
==Evolutionary implications==<!-- This section is linked from [[Richard Dawkins]] -->
A more resilient and proactive approach is to insert an {{Anchor}} inside the heading, with a copy-paste of the heading's current title; thus, even if the heading is renamed, its original anchor is preserved and your #links will still work. The above example becomes:
==Evolutionary implications {{Anchor|Evolutionary implications}}==
You can also give a reason for a redirect:
#REDIRECT [[University of Cambridge]] {{R from alternative name}}
See below for an incomplete list of possible reasons.
A redirect to a changed, misspelled, or otherwise non-existent section name will simply lead to the top of the target article.
[edit] Undesirable redirects
Do not make double redirects (a redirect that points to another redirect); they do not work (to prevent endless looping, a redirect will not "pass through" more than one entry; if someone is redirected to a redirect, the chain stops at the first redirect), they create slow, unpleasant experiences for the reader, and they make the navigational structure of the site confusing.
Double redirects are usually created after a move when old redirects are left unchanged and pointing toward an old name.
Another type of undesirable redirect is a self-redirect: an article that redirects to itself through a redirect.
Redirects to other Wikimedia projects, other websites, or special pages do not work. These should be avoided or replaced with a soft redirect.
[edit] Creating new redirects
You can create a new page in order to make a redirect.
Only the redirect line will be displayed when you save the page.
To go back and edit your redirect after it is working, add ?redirect=no to the end of the URL for your redirect:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University?redirect=no
If you wish to add a reason, select one of the tags from the Tag column below and add it one space after and on the same line as #REDIRECT [[Wherever]], enclosed in double braces. For example, on the redirect page University of cambridge,
#REDIRECT [[University of Cambridge]] {{R from other capitalisation}}
That will also add the redirect to the category listed in the Category column below. Note that there must be a space between the end of the redirect code and the template code for this to work properly.
Redirects take effect immediately after saving a page. You may need to clear your cache in order to see these changes.
[edit] Redirect or rename?
If there is an article named, say, Oxford University, and you discover that the title "University of Oxford", although a reasonable alternative designation and search term for the same university, is still a redlink, you can create a page with that title as a new redirect page, redirecting to the page Oxford University. An alternative is instead to rename the Oxford University page to "University of Oxford". This is also called a "page move"; see Help:Moving a page for more detail. A side effect is then that the old page becomes a redirect to the new page.
The following table summarized this schematically, using arrows to indicate who redirects to who:
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Old situation: Oxford University University of Oxford New redirect: Oxford University ← University of Oxford Rename/move: Oxford University → University of Oxford
To choose between two such possibilities, the main consideration should be that the preferred title of an article is the most common name for the topic of the article as would normally be used in articles written in English (language). So we prefer "Italy" over "Italia", and "Pope" over "Pope of Rome". However, it is often better to have an article at a well-defined, unambiguous term, with redirects from looser colloquial terms, rather than vice versa. There are many Declarations of Independence, but there is only one United States Declaration of Independence. For more on this, see Wikipedia:Naming conventions.
[edit] Categories for redirect pages
- See Wikipedia:Categorizing redirects for situations where categorizing a redirect might be helpful.
Redirects should not normally contain categories that would fit on the target page because it can result in duplicate listings of the same page within a category. Relevant categories should be moved to the main page where the redirect is pointing. In some cases, however, adding categories to a redirect page allows legitimate alternative titles or names to be found in category lists. Redirect pages within categories will appear in italics.
[edit] Navigating redirects
When a redirected page is linked to normally, the user is taken to a page that is neither the original page nor the page to which it is redirected. Instead, the user is taken to a page that has the content of the destination page with a clickable mention of the redirect at the top, and the URL of the original page. To go to the original page, one can click on the aforementioned link, or append the string &redirect=no to the end of the URL. To go to the actual article, rather than simply viewing the mirror version, click on the "article" or "project page" tab at the top of the page. For instance, clicking on the phrase "clickable mention" above will take you to the "embedded link" page, which is redirected to the "hyperlink" page. Towards the top of the page is the phrase "Redirected from Embedded link", with the words "Embedded link" in blue. Clicking on these words will take you to the actual Embedded link page. Directly above the article title "Hyperlink" at the top of the page is the word "article" in blue. Clicking on this word will take you to the actual Hyperlink page.
[edit] What do we use redirects for?
- Compare the more complete template list in the guideline sub-page: Wikipedia:Template_messages/Redirect_pages and the notations in the corresponding category.
The templates in the following lists are used to classify redirect pages, depending on the reason for the redirect. Use as many of these templates to tag the redirect as are applicable. Some redirects will have both alternative spellings, alternative capitalisations, and perhaps be a redirection to a list article entry or section. In the final analysis, all these templates do is establish a categorization of the redirect page, and like articles, more than one category can – and frequently should – apply.
[edit] Spellings, misspellings, tenses and capitalizations
| Reason | Usage notes, and text that will be shown on Previewing the page when applied. |
Tag / Category to find articles so tagged |
|---|---|---|
| Abbreviations | This is a redirect from a title with an abbreviation. For more information, follow the category link. |
{{R from abbreviation}} |
Too short for own article List entry or Section |
Category:Redirects to list entries
This is a redirect to a "list of minor entities"-type article which is a collection of brief descriptions for subjects not notable enough to have separate articles. This template automatically categorizes pages to Category:Redirects to list entries
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{{R to list entry}} {{R to section}} |
| Misspellings |
This is a redirect from a misspelling or typographical error. The correct spelling is given by the target of the redirect. Pages using this link should be updated to link directly to the redirect target, without using a piped link that hides the correct details. For more information, follow the category link... Category:Redirects from misspellings
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{{R from misspelling}} |
| Other spellings, other punctuation |
This is a redirect from a title with a different spelling. Pages using this link may be updated to link directly to the target page. However, do not replace these redirected links with a piped link unless the page is updated for another reason. For more information, follow the link to Category:Redirects from alternative spellings or see this reference page.
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{{R from alternative spelling}} |
| Plurals |
This is a redirect from a plural word to the singular equivalent. This redirect link is used for convenience, usually for plurals that do not follow simple conventions. In many cases, it is preferable to add the plural directly after the link (that is, [[link]]s). However, do not replace these redirected links with a simpler link unless the page is updated for another reason (see Wikipedia:Redirect#Do not change links to redirects that are not broken). For more information, follow the category link.
Note that [[greenhouse gas]]es shows up as greenhouse gases, so it is not usually necessary to redirect regular plurals. However third-party websites started adding automatic links to Wikipedia from their topics. Many of them follow the opposite naming convention, i.e., topics are named in plural, and the link to Wikipedia may land into an empty page, if there is no redirect. |
{{R from plural}} |
| Related words |
This is a redirect from a related word. Related words in an article are good candidates for Wiktionary links. Redirects from related words are not properly redirects from alternate spellings of the same word. But at the same time, they are also different from redirects from a sub-topic, since the related word is unlikely to warrant a full sub-topic in the target page. For more information, follow the category link. |
{{R from related word}} |
| Sub-topics or closely related topics that should be explained within the text |
This is a redirect from a title for a topic more detailed than what is currently provided on the target page, or section of that page, hence something which can and should be expanded. Usually this will be a sub-topic of the target article's topic, but it can also be a supra-topic mentioned there that does not (yet) have its own article. When the target page becomes too large, this redirect may be replaced with an article carved out of the target page (see WP:SPINOUT); hence the name "with possibilities". See also {{R to section}}, and when appropriate, use both together, and perhaps already add a stub template or two to the redirect page as well. However, if the topic is not susceptible to a major expansion, tag instead with {{R to section}}, or {{R to list entry}}, depending on how the topic should be handled. Do not replace these redirected links with a link directly to the target page. Be conservative when creating sub-topic redirects — they can sometimes be counterproductive, because they disguise the absence of a proper article from editors. Sub-topic redirects should only be used where the main article has a section or item on the sub-topic, mentioning it explicitly. For example, denial of service has a section on distributed denial of service. Sub-topics should be boldfaced on their first appearance in the target article or section, to indicate that they are in fact alternate titles or sub-titles. For more information, see the auto-category: Category:Redirects with possibilities.
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{{R with possibilities}} Category:Redirects with possibilities |
| People who are members of a group, organization, ensemble or team |
This is a redirect from a person who is a member of a group to more general related topics, such as the group, organization, ensemble or team that he or she belongs to. For more information, follow the category link.
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{{R from member}} Category:Redirects from members |
| Other capitalisations, to ensure that "Go" to a mixed-capitalisation article title is case-insensitive |
This is a redirect from a title with another method of capitalisation. It leads to the title in accordance with the Wikipedia naming conventions for capitalisation, and can help writing, searching, and international language issues. Apply one of the below templates to redirects created for this purpose. Other variants should use one of the other redirect templates such as from alternative spelling or from alternative name. Pages linking to any of these redirects may be updated to link directly to the target page. However, do not replace these redirected links with a piped link unless the page is updated for another reason. For more information, see Category:Redirects from other capitalisations.
Why: Articles whose titles contain mixed-capitalisation words (not all initial caps, or not all lower case except the first word) are found only via an exact case match. (Articles, including redirects, whose titles are either all initial caps or only first word capitalised are found via "Go" using a case-insensitive match.) Note: Related redirects are needed only if the article title has two or more words and words following the first have different capitalisations. They are not needed, for example, for proper names which are all initial caps. Examples:
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{{R from other capitalisation}} |
[edit] Alternative names
| Reason | Usage notes, and text that will be shown on Previewing the page when applied. |
Tag / Category to find articles so tagged |
|---|---|---|
| Other names, pseudonyms, nicknames, and synonyms | This is a redirect from a title that is another name, a pseudonym, a nickname, or a synonym. It leads to the title in accordance with the naming conventions for common names and can help writing. However, do not replace these redirected links with a piped link unless the page is updated for another reason. For more information, see this reference page and the Category:Redirects from alternative names.
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{{R from alternative name}} |
| Unambiguous surname |
This is a redirect from a surname. It is used because Wikipedia has only one biographical article of a person by this surname, or because one individual is ubiquitously known by this surname (other persons sharing this name might be listed at a primary topic disambiguation page). For more information, follow the category link.
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{{R from surname}} |
| Other names with Historic significance, where subsumed into a modern entity or region. | This is a redirect from a title that is another name, a pseudonym, a nickname, or a synonym that has a significant historic past as a region, state, principate's holding, city, city-state or such, but which region has been subsumed into a modern era municipality, district or state, or otherwise suffered from a name change over time. It leads to the title in accordance with the naming conventions for common names and can help writing. However, do not replace these redirected links with a piped link unless the page is updated for another reason. For more information, see Wikipedia:Redirect and the Category:Redirects from historic names under Category:Redirects from alternative names. |
{{R from historic name}} |
| Scientific names |
This is a redirect from the scientific name to the common name.
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{{R from scientific name}} |
| Scientific names |
|
{{R to scientific name}} |
| Other languages |
This is a redirect from an English name to a name in another language, or vice-versa. It leads to the title in accordance with the naming conventions for titles in other languages and can help writing. However, do not replace these redirected links with a piped link unless the page is updated for another reason. For more information, follow the category link.
|
{{R from alternative language}} |
| Non-ASCII Characters |
This is a redirect from a title in basic ASCII to the formal article title, with differences that are not diacritical marks (accents, umlauts, etc.) Use this redirect link (without piping) when the page concerns language translation or English language equivalents. Other pages using this link should be updated to replace text with the redirect target (again, without piping). For more information, follow the category link.
|
{{R from ASCII}} |
| Diacritical marks |
This is a redirect to the article title with diacritical marks (accents, umlauts, etc.) The correct spelling is given by the target of the redirect. Use this redirect link (without piping) when the page concerns language translation or English language equivalents. Other pages using this link should be updated to replace text with the redirect target (again, without piping). For more information, follow the category link.
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{{R from title without diacritics}} |
[edit] Miscellaneous and administrative redirects
| Reason | Usage notes, and text that will be shown on Previewing the page when applied. |
Tag / Category to find articles so tagged |
|---|---|---|
| Facilitate disambiguation |
This is a redirect to a disambiguation page. This redirect is intended for use in links from other articles that need to refer to the disambiguation page, rather than be disambiguated. Therefore, this template generally should only appear on pages that have "(disambiguation)" in the title. For more information, see the category page.
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{{R to disambiguation page}} |
| To track statements that date quickly |
This redirect page affects an "as of ..." link. All redirects should use capitalized month names. The primary purpose of linking to this redirect is to keep track (using the "Whatlinkshere" feature) of information that was current in the year when the link to this redirect was created, but may need updating later. For more information, follow the category link.
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{{R for as of}} |
| To redirect to decade article |
This is a redirect from a year to the decade article. Years from 1700 BC to 500 BC should redirect to the relevant decade. Do not replace these redirected links with a link directly to the target page; individual articles may be created for these years in future. For more information, follow the category link. |
{{R to decade}} |
| To redirect from a shortcut |
This is a redirect from a Wikipedia shortcut. Shortcuts are generally reserved for Wikipedia project pages, their discussion pages and categories. For more information, follow the category link.
|
{{R from shortcut}} |
| Oldstyle CamelCase links |
This is a redirect from a CamelCase title. In the initial versions of Wikipedia, all links had to be CamelCase. They are kept to keep edit history and to avoid breaking links that may have been made externally. For more information, follow the category link. |
{{R from CamelCase}} |
| links autogenerated from EXIF information |
This is a redirect of a wikilink created from JPEG EXIF information (i.e. the "metadata" section on some image description pages). Since MediaWiki offers no control over the link target of these autogenerated wikilinks, redirects like this are created to make the wikilinks useful. WARNING: It might appear that no pages link to this redirect. This is because the EXIF links don't show up in these listings. This redirect is most probably not orphaned!
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{{R from EXIF}} |
| From school microstub to merge location |
This is a redirect from a school article that had very little information. The information from this article has been merged into an appropriate location or school district page. For more information, follow the category link.
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{{R from school}} |
[edit] Avoiding broken links on merges
Redirects can be used to avoid breaking of links on article merges. We try to avoid broken links because they are annoying to our readers. Therefore, if you change the layout of some section of Wikipedia, or merge two duplicate articles, always leave redirects in the old location to point to the new location. Search engines and visitors will probably have linked to that page at that url. If the page is deleted, potential new visitors from search engines will be greeted with an edit window. The same is true for anyone who previously bookmarked that page, and so on.
| Reason | Text that will be shown on Previewing the page when applied. |
Tag / Category to find articles so tagged |
|---|---|---|
| Merges |
This page was kept as a redirect to the corresponding main article of the subject matter, in order to preserve its edit history after the content was merged. Please do not remove this tag (unless the need to recreate this article is demonstrated), or delete this page. For more information, follow the category link.
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{{R from merge}} |
| Duplicated articles |
This page was kept as a redirect to another article on the same or very similar subject matter, in order to preserve its after the content was merged. Please do not delete this page or remove this tag (unless the need to recreate this article is demonstrated).
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{{R from duplicated article}} |
[edit] When should we delete a redirect?
To delete a redirect without replacing it with a new article, list it on redirects for discussion. See deletion policy for details on how to nominate pages for deletion.
Listing is not necessary if you just want to replace a redirect with an article, or change where it points: see these instructions for help doing this. If you want to swap a redirect and an article, but are not able to move the article to the location of the redirect please use Wikipedia:Requested moves to request help from an admin in doing that.
The major reasons why deletion of redirects is harmful are:
- a redirect may contain nontrivial edit history;
- if a redirect is reasonably old, then it is quite possible that its deletion will break links in old, historical versions of some other articles — such an event is very difficult to envision and even detect.
Therefore consider the deletion only of either really harmful redirects or of very recent ones.
[edit] Reasons for deleting
You might want to delete a redirect if one or more of the following conditions is met (but note also the exceptions listed below this list):
- The redirect page makes it unreasonably difficult for users to locate similarly named articles via the search engine.
- The redirect might cause confusion. For example, if "Adam B. Smith" was redirected to "Andrew B. Smith", because Andrew was accidentally called Adam in one source, this could cause confusion with the article on Adam Smith, so it should be deleted.
- The redirect is offensive, such as "Joe Bloggs is a Loser" to "Joe Bloggs", unless "Joe Bloggs is a Loser" is discussed in the article.
- The redirect makes no sense, such as redirecting Google to love.
- It is a cross-namespace redirect out of article space, such as one pointing into the User or Wikipedia namespace. The major exception to this rule is the "CAT:" shortcut redirects, which technically are in the main article space but in practice form their own "pseudo-namespaces".
- If the redirect is broken, meaning it redirects to an article that does not exist or itself, it can be deleted immediately, though you should check that there is not an alternative place it could be appropriately redirected to first.
- If the redirect is a novel or very obscure synonym for an article name, it is unlikely to be useful. Implausible typos or misnomers are potential candidates for speedy deletion.
- They have a potentially useful page history. If the redirect was created by renaming a page with that name, and the page history just mentions the renaming, and for one of the reasons above you want to delete the page, copy the page history to the Talk page of the article it redirects to. The act of renaming is useful page history, and even more so if there has been discussion on the page name.
- They would aid accidental linking and make the creation of duplicate articles less likely, whether by redirecting a plural to a singular, by redirecting a frequent misspelling to a correct spelling, by redirecting a misnomer to a correct term, by redirecting to a synonym, etc. In other words, redirects with no incoming links are not candidates for deletion on those grounds because they are of benefit to the browsing user. Some extra vigilance by editors will be required to minimize the occurrence of those frequent misspellings in the article texts because the linkified misspellings will not appear as broken links.
- They aid searches on certain terms.
- You risk breaking external or internal links by deleting the redirect. Old CamelCase links and old subpage links should be left alone in case there are any existing external links pointing to them.
- Someone finds them useful. Hint: If someone says they find a redirect useful, they probably do. You might not find it useful — this is not because the other person is a liar, but because you browse Wikipedia in different ways.
- The redirect is to a plural form or to a singular form.
[edit] Neutrality of redirects
Note that redirects are not covered by Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. This covers only article titles, which are required to be neutral (see Wikipedia:Neutral point of view#Article naming). Perceived lack of neutrality in redirects is therefore not a valid reason for deletion.
Non-neutral redirects are commonly created for three reasons:
- Articles that are created using non-neutral titles are routinely moved to a new neutral title, which leaves behind the old non-neutral title as a working redirect (e.g. Dalmatian Kristallnacht → Dalmatian anti-Serb riots of May 1991).
- Articles created as POV forks may be deleted and replaced by a redirect pointing towards the article from which the fork originated (e.g. Barack Obama Muslim rumor → deleted and redirected to Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008).
- The subject matter of articles may be commonly represented outside Wikipedia by non-neutral terms. Such terms cannot be used as Wikipedia article title, per the words to avoid guidelines and the general neutral point of view policy. For instance, the widely used but non-neutral expression "Attorneygate" is used to redirect to the neutrally titled Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy. The article in question has never used that title, but the redirect was created to provide an alternative means of reaching it.
If a redirect is not an established term and is unlikely to be used by searchers, it is unlikely to be useful and may reasonably be nominated for deletion. However, if a redirect represents an established term that is used in multiple mainstream reliable sources (as defined by Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources), it should be kept even if non-neutral, as it will facilitate searches on such terms. Non-neutral redirects should point to neutrally titled articles about the subject of the term.
[edit] What needs to be done on pages that are targets of redirects?
We follow the "principle of least astonishment" — after following a redirect, the reader's first question is likely to be: "hang on ... I wanted to read about this. Why has the link taken me to that?". Make it clear to the reader that they have arrived in the right place.
Normally, we try to make sure that all "inbound redirects" are mentioned in the first couple of paragraphs of the article. For example:
- James Tiptree, Jr. (August 24, 1915 – May 19, 1987) was the pen name of American science fiction author Alice Bradley Sheldon ...
- James Tiptree, Jr., redirect from Alice Sheldon
- Water (H2O, HOH) is the most abundant molecule ...
- Water (molecule), redirect from H2O
If there is an ambiguity associated with a redirect, one of the redirect disambiguation templates may be useful.
Do not cause a secondary redirect. They do not work like a primary redirect; same with tertiary redirects.
[edit] Self-links, duplicate links
Avoid self-links, including self-links through redirects ("loop links"). Also, avoid having two links that go to the same place. These can confuse readers, and cause them to unnecessarily load the same page twice.
[edit] Do not "fix" links to redirects that are not broken
Some editors are tempted, upon finding a link to a redirect page, to remove the redirect and point the link directly at the target page. While there are a limited number of cases where this is beneficial, it is generally an unhelpful exercise.
In many cases where it might seem appropriate to make this change, such as those involving unprintworthy redirects, the better option is to edit the visible text rather than change where the link is pointing. If the linked term is printworthy and presents no other problems to the prose, there is no reason not to just link the term as is. There should almost never be a reason to replace [[redirect]] with [[target|redirect]]. This kind of change is almost never an improvement, and it can actually be detrimental.
Reasons not to change redirects include:
- Redirects can indicate possible future articles.
- Introducing unnecessary invisible text makes the article more difficult to read in page source form.
Furthermore, not only are Wikipedia editors asked not to worry about performance, changing redirects to direct links does not significantly improve performance anyway. See also Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation popups/About fixing redirects.
Exceptions:
- It is preferable to change redirected links in navigational templates, such as those found at the bottom of many articles (e.g. {{USPresidents}} on George W. Bush). In this case, when the template is placed on an article, and contains a direct link to that article (not a redirect), the direct link will display in bold (and not as a link), making it easier to navigate through a series of articles using the template.
- It may be appropriate to make this kind of change if the hint that appears when a user hovers over the link is misleading.
[edit] Redirecting non-articles
[edit] Template redirects
A template T2 can be redirected to another template T1 by entering the following command at the top of T2:
#REDIRECT [[Template:T1]]
This creates an alias (T2 is an alias for T1). The alias name T2 can be used instead of the "real" template T1.
A categorisation template such as {{R from other template}} should be added to T2 as follows:
{{R from other template|T1}}
Aliases for templates can cause confusion and make migrations of template calls more complicated. For example, assume calls to T1 are to be changed ("migrated") to some new template TN1. To catch all calls, articles must be searched for {{T1}} and all aliases of T1 (T2 in this case).
[edit] Category redirects
Although it is possible to attempt to redirect categories by adding a line such as #REDIRECT [[:Category:Automotive technologies]] to a category, it is not generally recommended because of limitations in the mediawiki software. Categories "redirected" in this way do not prevent the addition of articles to the redirected category. Articles added to the "redirected" category do not show up as in the target category. Until these issues are addressed (in future versions of the software), #REDIRECT should not be added to category pages.
"Soft" redirects for categories can be created using {{Category redirect}}. A bot traverses categories redirected in this manner moving articles out of the redirected category into the target category, see Template talk:Category redirect.
[edit] See also
- Wikipedia:WikiProject Redirect
- Wikipedia:Soft redirect
- Wikipedia:How to edit a page
- Wikipedia:How to rename (move) a page
- Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion
- Wikipedia:Redirects with possibilities
- User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects-project
- Wikipedia:List of interwiki redirects
- Wikipedia:Double redirects (maintenance list for items to be fixed; and instructions after moving a page)
- Wikipedia:Redirects to be made
- Wikipedia:Disambiguation
- Wikipedia:Hatnote
