Rear flank downdraft

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A classic hook echo, indicating the presence of a rear flank downdraft (and in this case, a tornado). The tornado associated with this echo was part of the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence.
A classic hook echo, indicating the presence of a rear flank downdraft (and in this case, a tornado). The tornado associated with this echo was part of the May 2003 tornado outbreak sequence.

The rear flank downdraft or RFD is a region of dry air wrapping around the back of a mesocyclone in a supercell thunderstorm. These areas of descending air are thought to be essential in the production of many supercellular tornadoes. Large hail within the rear flank downdraft often shows up brightly as a hook on weather radar images, producing the characteristic hook echo, which often indicates the presence of a tornado.

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[edit] Thermodynamic characteristics

RFD may presents clear slot wrapping itself at least two-thirds of the way around the tornado, but the clear slot is not always evident in all cases where an RFD is present. Many documents indicated that surface pressure excesses up to a few millibars exist within RFDs. Some finding showed that within the RFDs and equivalent potential temperature (θe) are cold with respect to the inflow. Moreover, the lowest wet-bulb potential temperature (θw) values were observed at the surface were within the RFD. But there are also observations of warm, high-θe air within RFDs.

[edit] Association with hook echo

Rear-flank downdraft has a well-established association with hook echoes. Firstly, the initial rear flank downdraft is air from aloft transported down to the surface by colliding and mixing with the storm. Secondly, hook echo formed through advection of precipitation from the rear of the main echo around the region of strong updraft. Thus, precipitation loading and evaporation cooling induced by the hook echo can enhance the downdraft. Some observations showed the presence of enhanced downdraft in the vicinity of the strongest low-level rotation, behind the main storm updraft. Further, it was concluded that the presence of hook echo can reflect downdraft intensification.

[edit] Difference from Forward flank downdraft (FFD)

Compared to the forward flank downdraft (FFD) the rear flank downdraft (RFD) consists of warm and dry air. This is because the RFD is forced down from the mid-levels of the atmosphere, but the FFD from upper levels which starting from a much cooler temperature.

[edit] Formation

The Rear Flank Downdraft can arise owing to negative buoyancy, which can be generated by cold anomalies produced by evaporative cooling or hail melting, or by precipitation loading, and by vertical perturbation pressure gradients that can arise from, vertical gradients of vertical vorticity, “stagnation” of environmental flow at an updraft, and pressure perturbations due to vertical buoyancy variations (which are partially due to hydrostatic effects), respectively.

Vertical pressure perturbations are generated by the buildup of pressure due to the vertical buoyancy, creating a pressure perturbation gradient. The subsiding air is generally dry and as it subsides the air warms adiabatically and can form a clearing in the cloud cover called a clear slot. A clear slot can be observed to wrap around a tornado or form away from a tornado in the shape of a horseshoe. This clearing is most likely the formation of the hook echo region associated with tornado formation. An RFD that originates in dry air and warms adiabatically can produce warmer observations out of the RFD at the surface.

[edit] Role in tornadogenesis

It has been realized by many researchers that the Rear flank downdrafts, especially those associated with hook echoes, is fundamentally critical to tornado formation. Fujita (1975) initiated the Recycling Hypothesis: Firstly, downdraft air is recirculated into the (developing) tornado, which results in an appreciable convergence on the back side of the (still developing) tornado. Then the downward transport of the angular momentum by precipitation, and the recycling of air into the tornado, will create a tangential acceleration required for the intensification of the tornado.

The drag force from the droplets initiates circulation in an RFD. Dry environmental air is also entrained into the downdraft and evaporative cooling helps create more negatively buoyant air. As precipitation falls and cool entrained air circulated downward and eventually reaching the surface. This circulation contributes to the circulation to form a hook echo.

Observations of low-level vorticity couplets within RFDs indicate that tilting of vorticity by the RFD is important in the formation of tornadoes within supercell storms. During the tornadogenesis phase in supercells, the parcels of air that enter the tornado or incipient tornado regularly seem to pass through the hook echo and RFD, which can serve as the basis for Fujita's recycling hypothesis. Furthermore, observations of the clear slot during and just prior to the tornadic stage, imply that the air entering the tornado may come from the RFD. Regularly, generation of large vertical vorticity close to the surface in an environment which is required for tornadogenesis, is attributed to downdraft. But tornadoes may arise in the absence of a downdraft in environments containing preexisting vertical vorticity at the surface, such as in some cases of nonsupercell tornadogenesis.

Downdraft may have the following roles in near-ground mesocyclogenesis:

  1. tilts horizontal vorticity to produce vertical vorticity
  2. transports air containing vertical vorticity from mid-level to the surface
  3. enhances the near-ground vorticity convergence beneath the updraft tremendosly by entering the updraft and being stretched vertically.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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  • A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather Terms for Storm Spotters
  • Hook echos and Rear-Flank Downdrafts:A Review
  • Fujita T. T., 1975b: New evidence from the April 3–4, 1974 tornadoes.
  • Davies-Jones R. P., 1982a: A new look at the vorticity equation with application to tornadogenesis.
  • Lemon L. R., and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis.
  • Wallace and Hobbs, Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey 2006 pgs. 350-351
  • Bluestein, Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes Vol II 1993 pgs. 491, 493-495, 501
  • Markowski, Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review Volume 130 2002 pgs. 852–876