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Reşid Mehmed Pasha also known as Kütahı (Greek: Μεχμέτ Ρεσίτ πασάς Κιουταχής, 1780 - 1839) was a prominent Ottoman general and Grand Vizier in the first half of the 19th century, playing an important role in the Greek War of Independence.
[edit] Early life
Reşid Mehmed was born in Georgia, the son of a Greek Orthodox priest. As a child, he was captured as a slave by the Turks, and brought to the service of the then Kaptan Pasha, Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha. His intelligence and ability impressed his master, and secured his rapid rise. At only 29 years, he was appointed governor of Kütahya, from where he acquired his sobriquet.
In 1820, he was sent by Sultan Mahmud II, along with many other pashas, to quell the rebellion of Ali Pasha of Yannina against the Porte. At the same time, the Greeks were preparing their own uprising, which broke out in March 1821. Thus, after the defeat and death of Ali Pasha in 1822, he was at hand to campaign against the Greek rebels.
[edit] Operations in Epirus - First Siege of Messolonghi
- Further information: First Siege of Messolonghi
Having been appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in Epirus, he marched south, to meet the Greek forces under Alexandros Mavrokordatos which were campaigning towards Arta. He inflicted a crushing defeat upon them in the Battle of Peta, on 4 July 1822, and proceeded southwards, to the strategically important town of Messolonghi. There he was met by Omer Vryonis, and their joint force of 8,000 besieged the city for two months, from 25 October to 31 December 1822. Omer Vryonis, contrary to Reşid Mehmed's view, initially tried to take the town by negotiations, which the besieged Greeks took advantage of, dragging them out until November 8, when they were reinforced by sea, at which point they refused to negotiate further. The siege began in earnest, and the two pashas scheduled their main assault for Christmas night, December 24, calculating that the Greeks would be caught by surprise. The plan was leaked to the defenders, and the attack failed. Six days later, the siege was lifted.
[edit] Campaign in Thessaly
After the failure at Messolonghi, Reşid Mehmed moved against the mountainous region of Magnesia, which he managed to subdue. For his success, he was appointed governor of the sanjak of Trikala, and was finally appointed commander-in-chief of all Ottoman forces in Rumelia.
[edit] Third Siege of Messolonghi
- Further information: Third Siege of Messolonghi
From this position he was tasked by the Porte with taking Messolonghi and thus securing western Greece. Reşid Mehmed assembled an army of more than 35,000 and in February 1825 he set out for Messolonghi. On arriving there on April 20, he immediately invested the town with earthworks and subjected it to heavy bombardment. However, despite his efforts, the Greek garrison, aided by raids from the Greek bands behind his lines and resupplied by the Greek fleet despite the Ottoman naval blockade, resisted effectively. In the end, he was forced to call upon the assistance of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, whose army had been victorious against Greek forces in the Morea. The Egyptian forces arrived in early November, but a split occurred between the presumptuous Ibrahim and Reşid Mehmed, who withdrew his forces. After the Egyptians failed too in their assaults, Ibrahim acknowledged his error. The two pashas now cooperated, and the siege was intensified. The seaward supply route was cut, forcing threatening the defenders with starvation. Finally, they attempted a desperate escape, breaking out through the besieging forces, on the night of 10 April 1826. The sortie resulted in a massacre of the defenders, and Messolonghi fell to the Ottoman forces.
[edit] Campaign in Attica
After this success, Reşid Mehmed turned towards Attica and Athens, where he arrived in July. He besieged the Greek garrison on the Acropolis unsuccessfully for ten months, until his unexpected victory over a Greek relief force at the Battle of Phaleron on 24 April 1827 forced the Greeks to surrender the fort.
[edit] After the Greek Revolution
A distinguished general, Reşid Mehmed fought in the Russo-Turkish War, where he was defeated by General Diebitsch at the Battle of Kulevicha. Subsequently, he was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, a post he held from January 1829 to 17 February 1833. From that position, he led the Ottoman armies in Anatolia in the Egyptian-Ottoman War, but was captured by the forces of his old antagonist, Ibrahim Pasha, at the Battle of Konya in 1832. Appointed commander-in-chief of the Anatolian armies, he campaigned against the Kurds, and died at Sivas in 1839.
[edit] Notes and sources
Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire |
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Rise (1299-1453) |
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Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Paşa (1320-1331) · Mahmudoğlu Nizamüddin Ahmed Paşa (1331-1348) · Hacı Paşa (1348-1349) · Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Paşa (1349-1364) · Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Paşa (1364-1387) · Çandarlı Ali Paşa (1387-1406) · Osmancıklı İmamzade Halil Paşa (1406-1413) · Amasyalı Beyazıd Paşa (1413-1421) · Çandarlı (1.) İbrahim Paşa (1421-1429) · Osmancıklı (Amasyalı) Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Paşa (1429-1439) · Çandarlı (2nd)Halil Paşa (1439-1453)
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Growth (1453-1683) |
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Veli Mahmud Paşa (1453-1466) · Rum Mehmed Paşa (1466-1469) · İshak Paşa (1469-1472) · Veli Mahmud Paşa (1472-1474) · Gedik Ahmed Paşa (1474-1477) · Karamanlı Mehmed Paşa (1477-1481) · İshak Paşa (1481-1482) · Koca Davud Paşa (1482-1497) · Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (1497-1498) · Çandarlı (2.) İbrahim Paşa (1498-1499) · Mesih Paşa (1499-1501) · Hadim Ali Paşa (1501-1503) · Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (1503-1506) · Hadim Ali Paşa (1509-1511) · Koca Mustafa Paşa (1511-1512) · Dukakinoğlu Ahmed Paşa (1512-1515) · Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (1515-1516) · Hadim Sinan Paşa (1516-1517) · Yunus Paşa (1517) · Piri Mehmed Paşa (1517) · Pargalı Damat İbrahim Paşa (1523-1536) · Ayas Mehmed Paşa (1536-1539) · Damat Çelebi Lütfi Paşa (1539-1541) · Hadim Süleyman Paşa (1541-1544) · Damat Rüstem Paşa (1544-1553) · Kara Ahmed Paşa (1553-1555) · Damat Rüstem Paşa (1555-1561) · Semiz Ali Paşa (1561-1565) · Sokollu Mehmet Paşa (1565-1579) · Semiz Ahmed Paşa (1579-1580) · Lala Kara Mustafa Paşa (1580) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1580-1582) · Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (1582-1584) · Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa (1584-1585) · Hadim Mehmed Mesih Paşa (1585-1586) · Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (1586-1589) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1589-1591) · Serdar Ferhat Paşa (1591-1592) · Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (1592-1593) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1593-1595) · Serdar Ferhat Paşa (1595) · Lala Mehmed Paşa (1595) · Koca Sinan Paşa (1595-1596) · Damat İbrahim Paşa (1596) · Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Paşa (1596) · Damat İbrahim Paşa (1596-1597) · Hadim Hasan Paşa (1597-1598) · Cerrah Mehmed Paşa (1598-1599) · Damat İbrahim Paşa (1599-1601) · Yemişçi Hasan Paşa (1601-1603) · Malkoç Yavuz Ali Paşa (1603-1604) · Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Paşa (1604-1606) · Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1606) · Kuyucu Murat Paşa (1606-1611) · Gümülcineli Damat Nasuh Paşa (1611-1614) · Öküz Kara Mehmed Paşa (1614-1616) · Damat Halil Paşa (1616-1619) · Öküz Kara Mehmed Paşa (1619-1619) · İstanköylü Çelebi (Güzelce) Ali Paşa (1619-1621) · Ohrili Hüseyin Paşa (1621) · Dilaver Paşa (1621-1622) · Kara Davut Paşa (1622) · Mere Hüseyin Paşa (1622) · Lefkeli Mustafa Paşa (1622) · Gürcü Hadim Mehmed Paşa (1622-1623) · Mere Hüseyin Paşa (1623) · Kemankeş Kara Ali Paşa (1623-1624) · Çerkes Mehmed Ali Paşa (1624-1625) · Müezzinzade Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Paşa (1625-1626) · Damat Halil Paşa (1626-1628) · Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Paşa (1628-1631) · Müezzinzade Filibeli Hafız Ahmed Paşa (1631-1632) · Topal Recep Paşa (1632) · Tabanıyassı Mehmed Paşa (1632-1637) · Bayram Paşa (1637-1638) · Tayyar Mehmed Paşa (1638) · Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa (1638-1644) · Civankapıcıbaşı Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Paşa (1644-1645) · Nevesinli Salih Paşa (1645-1647) · Kara Musa Paşa (1647) · Hezarpare Ahmed Paşa (1647-1648) · Mevlevi Mehmed Paşa (1648-1649) · Kara Dev Murad Paşa (1649-1650) · Melek Ahmed Paşa (1650-1651) · Siyavuş Paşa (1651) · Gürcü Mehmed Paşa (1651-1652) · Tarhuncu Sarı Ahmed Paşa (1652-1653) · Bıyıklı Koca Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1653-1654) · İpşiri Mustafa Paşa (1654-1655) · Kara Dev Murad Paşa (1655) · Ermeni Süleyman Paşa (1655) · Gazi Deli Hüseyin Paşa (1656) · Zurnazen Mustafa Paşa (1656) · Siyavuş Paşa (1656) · Boynuyaralı Mehmed Paşa (1656) · Köprülü Mehmed Paşa (1656-1661) · Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa (1661-1676) · Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa (1676-1683)
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Stagnation (1683-1827) |
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Bayburtlu Kara İbrahim Paşa (1683-1685) · Sarı Süleyman Paşa (1685-1687) · Köprülü Damadı Abaza Siyavuş Paşa (1687-1688) · Ayaşlı Nişancı İsmail Paşa (1688) · Tekirdağlı Bekri Mustafa Paşa (1688-1689) · Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa (1689-1691) · Bahadırzade Arabacı Ali Paşa (1691-1692) · Merzifonlu Çalık Hacı Ali Paşa (1692-1693) · Bozoklu (Bıyıklı) Mustafa Paşa (1694) · Sürmeli Ali Paşa (1694-1695) · Elmas Mehmed Paşa (1695-1997) · Köprülü Amcazade Hacı Hüseyin Paşa (1697-1702) · Daltaban Mustafa Paşa (1702-1703) · Rami Mehmed Paşa (1703) · Sührablı Kavanoz Nişancı Ahmed Paşa (1703) · Moralı Damat Hasan Paşa (1703-1704) · Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed Paşa (1704) · Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmed Paşa (1704-1706) · Çorlulu Damat Ali Paşa (1706-1710) · Köprülüzade Damat Numan Paşa (1710) · Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmed Paşa (1710-1711) · Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Paşa (1711-1712) · Silahdar Süleyman Paşa (1712-1713) · Kel Hoca İbrahim Paşa (1713) · Silahdar Damat Ali Paşa (1713-1716) · Hacı Halil Paşa (1716-1717) · Tevkii Nişancı Mehmed Paşa (1717-1718) · Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Paşa (1718-1730) · Silahdar Damat Mehmed Paşa (1730-1731) · Kabakulak İbrahim Paşa (1731) · Topal Osman Paşa (1731-1732) · Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (1732-1735) · Gürcü İsmail Paşa (1735-1736) · Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Paşa (1736-1737) · Muhsinzade Abdullah Paşa (1737) · Yeğen Mehmed Paşa (1737-1739) · Hacı İvazzade Mehmed Paşa (1739-1740) · Nişancı Şehla Hacı Ahmed Paşa (1740-1742) · Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (1742-1743) · Seyyid Hasan Paşa (1743-1746) · Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Paşa (1746-1747) · Boynueğri Seyyid Abdullah Paşa (1747-1750) · Divitdar Mehmed Emin Paşa (1750-1752) · Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Paşa (1752-1755) · Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa (1755) · Naili Abdullah Paşa (1755) · Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Paşa (1755) · Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Paşa (1755-1756) · Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Paşa (1756-1757) · Koca Mehmed Ragıp Paşa (1757-1763) · Tevkii Hamza Hamid Paşa (1763) · Çorlulu Köse Bahir Mustafa Paşa (1763-1765) · Muhsinzade Mehmed Paşa (1765-1768) · Silahdar Hamza Mahir Paşa (1768) · Yağlıkçızade Nişancı Hacı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1768-1769) · Moldovancı Ali Paşa (1769) · İvazzade Halil Paşa (1769-1770) · Silahdar Mehmed Paşa (1770-1771) · Muhsinzade Mehmed Paşa (1771-1774) · [Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa]] (1774-1775) · Moralı Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1775-1777) · Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Paşa (1777-1778) · Kalafat Mehmed Paşa (1778-1779) · Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Paşa (1779-1781) · Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1781-1782) · Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Paşa (1782) · Halil Hamid Paşa (1782-1785) · Hazinedar Şahin Ali Paşa (1785-1786) · Koca Yusuf Paşa (1786-1789) · Kethüda Meyyit Hasan Paşa (1789) · Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa (1789-1790) · Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Paşa (1790-1791) · Koca Yusuf Paşa (1791-1792) · Damat Melek Mehmed Paşa (1792-1794) · Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1794-1798) · Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Paşa (1798-1805) · Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Paşa (1805-1806) · Keçiboynuzu İbrahim Hilmi Paşa (1806-1807) · Çelebi Mustafa Paşa (1807-1808) · Alemdar Mustafa Paşa (1808) · Çavuşbaşı Memiş Paşa (1808-1809) · Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Paşa (1809-1811) · Laz Aziz Ahmed Paşa (1811-1812) · Hurşid Ahmed Paşa (1812-1815) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1815-1818) · Burdurlu Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1818-1820) · Seyyid Ali Paşa (1820-1821) · Benderli Ali Paşa (1821) · Hacı Salih Paşa (1821-1822) · Bostancıbaşı Deli Abdullah Paşa (1822-1823) · Turnacızade Silahdar Ali Paşa (1823) · Mehmed Said Galip Paşa (1823-1824) · Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırrı Paşa (1824-1828)
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Grand Viziers of Ottoman Empire-Decline (1828–1908) |
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Darendeli Topal İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1828-1829) · Reşid Mehmed Paşa (1829-1833) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1833-1839) · Koca Mehmed Hüsrev Paşa (1839-1840) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1840-1841) · Darendeli Topal İzzet Mehmed Paşa (1841-1842) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1842-1846) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1846-1848) · İbrahim Sarim Paşa (1848) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1848-1852) · Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa (1852) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1852) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1852) · Damat Mehmed Ali Paşa (1852-1853) · Giritli Mustafa Naili Paşa (1853-1854) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1854) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1854-1855) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1855-1856) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1856-1857) · Giritli Mustafa Naili Paşa (1857) · Koca Mustafa Reşid Paşa (1857-1858) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1858-1859) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1859) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1859-1860) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Paşa (1860-1861) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1861) · Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Paşa (1861-1866) · Yusuf Kamil Paşa (1863) · Keçecizade Mehmed Emin Fuad Paşa (1863-1866) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1866-1867) · Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa (1866-1871) · Mahmud Nedim Paşa (1871-1872) · Mithat Paşa (1872) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1872-1873) · Sakızlı Ahmed Esad Paşa (1873) · Şirvanlızade Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1873-1874) · Hüseyin Avni Paşa (1874-1875) · Sakızlı Ahmed Esad Paşa (1875) · Mahmud Nedim Paşa (1875-1876) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1876-1876) · Mithat Paşa (1876-1877) · İbrahim Edhem Paşa (1877-1878) · Ahmed Hamdi Paşa (1878) · Ahmed Vefik Paşa (1878) · Mehmed Sadık Paşa (1878) · Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Paşa (1878) · Mehmed Esad Saffet Paşa (1878) · Tunuslu Hayreddin Paşa (1878-1879) · Ahmed Arifi Paşa (1879) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1879-1880) · Cenanizade Mehmed Kadri Paşa (1880) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1880-1882) · Abdurrahman Nureddin Paşa (1882) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1882) · Ahmed Vefik Paşa (1882) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1882-1885) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa (1885-1891) · Kabaağaçlızade Ahmed Cevat Paşa (1891-1895) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1895) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa (1895) · Halil Rıfat Paşa (1895-1901) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1901-1903) · Avlonyalı Mehmed Ferid Paşa (1903-1908) · Küçük Mehmed Said Paşa (1908) · Kıbrıslı Mehmed Kamil Paşa (1908-1909) · Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa (1909) · Ahmed Tevfik Paşa (1909)
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