Ray Blanchard

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Ray Blanchard is an American-Canadian sexologist, best known for his research studies on pedophilia, gender dysphoria, and sexual orientation. He has also published research studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including transvestism and autoerotic asphyxia.

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[edit] Education and career

Blanchard received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1973. He conducted postdoctoral research at Dalhousie University until 1976, when he accepted a position as a clinical psychologist at the Ontario Correctional Institute in Brampton, Ontario in Toronto, Canada. There, Blanchard met his mentor Kurt Freund, who was conducting research in chemical castration for sex offenders. [1] In 1980, he joined the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry (now part of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health). [2] In 1995 Blanchard was named Head of Clinical Sexology Services in the Law and Mental Health Programme of the CAMH, and he serves as a Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto.

[edit] Fraternal birth order effect

Blanchard has conducted research on the biological origins of sexual orientation, discovering the fraternal birth order effect, also called the older brother effect. The more older brothers a man has, the greater the probability is that he will have a homosexual sexual orientation. The number of older sisters has no effect, however. The same is not true for lesbians—neither the number of older brothers nor the number of older sisters appears to be related to the sexual orientation of women.[3][4][5] The fraternal birth order effect is the strongest known predictor of sexual orientation,[6] with each older brother increases a man's odds of being gay by about 33%.[7]

Blanchard hypothesizes that the older brother effect is caused by interactions between a male fetus and the immune system of the mother: Because certain proteins (called H-y antigens) are produced by male and not by female fetuses, the mother's immune system reacts only to male fetuses and is more likely to produce a reaction with each successive exposure to a male fetus.[8]

[edit] Autogynephilia and the taxonomy of male-to-female gender dysphoria

Blanchard coined the term autogynephilia to describe men with an erotic desire to be women and proposed a theory that all transsexual women could be usefully classified as either autogynephiles or extremely effeminate gay men who needed to become female to express their sexuality. He termed the latter group homosexual transsexuals.

Within the transsexual community, there has been much controversy surrounding Blanchard's ideas.

Blanchard is on record as supporting sex reassignment surgery as an appropriate treatment for both subtypes of transsexual people. For example, in 1998, the Ontario Health Insurance Plan ceased funding all sex reassignment surgeries in the province under the guise of cutting costs.[1] Blanchard strongly supported Michelle Josef's lawsuit to get funding restored as being medically necessary.

[edit] The term Teleiophilia

Blanchard coined the term teleiophilia to refer to the sexual interest in adults.[9] Unlike the terms referring to sexual interest in other age groups, such as pedophilia (sexual interest in prepubescent children) and hebephilia (sexual interest in pubescent children), teleiophilia is not a paraphilia. The term was formalized in order to forestall neologisms, such as "adultophilia" nor "normophilia," that were occasionally used, but had no precise definition. The term is used primarily by professional sexologists in the scientific literature.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Freund K (1980). Therapeutic Sex Drive Reduction. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 62 (s287), 5–38 doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb10433.x
  2. ^ Laws RD, O'Donohue WT (eds.) Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. Guilford Press ISBN 1572302410
  3. ^ Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.
  4. ^ Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Biodemographic comparisons of homosexual and heterosexual men in the Kinsey interview data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 551–579.
  5. ^ Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Siegelman, M., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. (1998). The relation of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 511–519.
  6. ^ Bogaert, A. F. (2006). Biological versus nonbiological older brothers and men's sexual orientation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 10777-10774.
  7. ^ Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D., & Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 63–71.
  8. ^ Blanchard, R., & Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 185, 373–378.
  9. ^ Blanchard, R., Barbaree, H. E., Bogaert, A. F., Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M. E., et al. (2000). Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 463–478.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links