Ramu

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Ramu
Part of the Ramu from the air
Country	Papua New Guinea
Region	Madang Province
Length	640 km (400 mi) approx.
Source
- location	Kratke Range, Papua New Guinea
Mouth
- location	Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea
- coordinates	4°1′S 144°40′E / -4.017, 144.667
Location of the Ramu River

For other uses, see Ramu (disambiguation).

The Ramu is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. The headwaters of the river are formed in the Kratke Range from where it then travels approximately 640 kilometres (398 mi) north-west to the Bismarck Sea.

Along the Ramu's course it receives numerous tributaries from the Bismarck Range to the south and the Finisterre and Adelbert Ranges from the north. During the wet season the Ramu and Sepik Rivers join across the flood plain.

1 History
- 1.1 German exploration
- 1.2 Australian administration and Second World War
2 Notes and references
3 Image gallery

[edit] History

Local villagers have lived along the river for many millennia and the river has formed the basis for food, transport and culture.

[edit] German exploration

The area encompassed by the Ramu was part of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland when Germany established German New Guinea in 1884. The Germans were quick to explore their territory and the mouth of the Ramu was discovered in 1886 by Vice-Admiral Freiherr von Schleinitz after returning to Finschhafen from an expedition to the near-by Sepik.^[1] Schleinitz called the Ramu, Ottilien after his ship the Ottilie.^[1]

Ramu villagers investigating a camera during an Australian expedition in the 1930s

The course of the river was first discovered ten years later in 1896 after Dr Carl Lauterbach, a botantist, led an expedition organised by the Neu Guinea Kompagnie to find the headwaters of the Markham River.^[2] After crossing the Ortzen Mountains from Astrolabe Bay south of Madang, Lauterbach's party instead of finding the Markham found an unknown river flowing north-west. The party canoed along a section before their supplies dwindled they returned to the coast retracing their route.^[2]

Another German explorer Ernst Tappenbeck, who had accompanied Lauterbach previously, led the first expedition to ascend the Ramu in 1898. Tappenbeck was charged with discovering whether the Ottilien found in 1886 was the same river Lauterbech had found. He was accompanied by former Prussian Army officers, a Kompagnie official and an Australian Gold prospector Robert Phillip and travelled in the Neu Guinea Kompagnie steamer Herzog Johann Albrecht.^[3]

After five days of journey up the Ramu, Tappenbeck left his companions at a well stocked camp when river water levels fell. He returned four and half months later in another steamer Herzogin Elisabeth and the party managed to navigate 190 mi (310 km) upstream and go farther still by canoe.^[3] By the end of 1898 the expedition had established a station on the river, mapped it and tributaries and made a large botanical collection.^[3]

Further explorations for gold and botanical specimens were conducted by the Germans. In 1902 by Hans Klink and J. Schlenzig established a new Ramu station that was later connected by a bridle track to the coast.^[4] Dr R. Schlecter led another expedition in 1902 in search of gutta-percha trees.^[4] Then in 1907 an Austrian explorer Wilhelm Dammköhler led an expedition up the Markham Valley and linked the headwaters of the Markham River with the Ramu for the first time.^[4]

[edit] Australian administration and Second World War

After the First World War, German New Guinea passed over to Australian control and became the Territory of New Guinea. The Ramu reverted to its local name during this time.

In 1936 Briton, Lord Moyne, ventured up the Ramu river during an expedition to Indonesia and New Guinea. Moyne discovered a race of pygmy like people inhabiting the middle Ramu region 170 miles (270 km) from the mouth of the river in the Aiome foothills.^[5]

During the Second World War in 1942 the Japanese annexed the entire Territory of New Guinea from the Australians. Intense fighting occurred between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Australian and US Armies to recapture New Guinea. During the Finisterre Range campaign in 1943 and 1944 the Ramu valley became the scene of a major battle.

[edit] Notes and references

^ ^a ^b Souter (1963) p. 73
^ ^a ^b Souter (1963) p. 77
^ ^a ^b ^c Souter (1963) p. 78
^ ^a ^b ^c Souter (1963) pp. 111-112
^ Lord Moyne (Jul - Dec 1936). "The Pygmies of the Aiome Mountains, Mandated Territory of New Guinea.". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 66: 269. doi:10.2307/2844082.