Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns

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Ralph Nader
Born	February 27, 1934(1934-02-27) Winsted, Connecticut  United States
Political party	[democrat(politician)
Occupation	Attorney and Political Activist
Religion	Christian
Website	http://www.nader.org

Ralph Nader has been a candidate for the office of President of the United States five times. In 1992, Nader was a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary. In 1996, he accepted a draft by the Green Party, and ran a very low-budget campaign. In 2000, he competed aggressively as the Green Party candidate, and launched a concerted but unsuccessful effort to challenge the inclusion criteria for the presidential debates sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD).^[1] In 2004, he ran less successfully, as an independent. On February 24, 2008, he declared himself a candidate for 2008.

Nader received the largest number of votes (2,882,955 [2.74%]) of his four presidential campaigns in the hotly contested and controversial 2000 election.^[2][3][4]

[edit] 1972

Ralph Nader's name began appearing in the press in 1971 as a potential candidate for president. Nader was offered the opportunity to run as the Presidential candidate for the New Party, a progressive split-off from the Democratic Party in 1972. Chief among his advocates was author Gore Vidal, who touted a 1972 Nader presidential campaign in a front-page article in Esquire magazine in 1971. Nader declined the offer to run that year; the New Party ultimately joined with the People's Party in running Benjamin Spock in the 1972 Presidential election.^[5][6][7]

[edit] 1990

Nader considered launching a third party to promote citizen empowerment and consumer rights. He stated that the Democratic Party had become "so bankrupt, it doesn't matter if it wins any elections."^{[citation needed]} He suggested that a strong third party could address needs such as campaign-finance reform, worker and whistle-blower rights, government-sanctioned watchdog groups to oversee banks and insurance agencies, and class-action lawsuit reforms.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] 1992

Nader stood in as a write-in for "none of the above" in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic Primary and received about 6,300 votes.^[8][9] He was also a write-in candidate in the 1992 Massachusetts Democratic Primary, where he defeated both Senator Tom Harkin and Senator Bob Kerrey.^[10]

[edit] 1996

Nader was drafted as a candidate for President of the United States on the Green Party ticket during the 1996 presidential election. He was not formally nominated by the Green Party USA, which was, at the time, the largest national Green group; instead he was nominated independently by various state Green parties (in some states, he appeared on the ballot as an independent). However, many activists in the Green Party USA worked actively to campaign for Nader that year. Nader qualified for ballot status in 22 states [2], garnering 685,297 votes 0.71% of the popular vote [3], although the effort did make significant organizational gains for the party. He refused to raise or spend more than $5,000 on his campaign, presumably to avoid meeting the threshold for Federal Elections Commission reporting requirements; the unofficial Draft Nader committee could (and did) spend more than that, but the committee was legally prevented from coordinating in any way with Nader himself.

In 1996 Nader received some criticism from progressives and gay rights supporters for calling gay rights "gonad politics" and stating that he was not interested in dealing with such matters [4].

[edit] 2000

Nader ran actively in 2000 as the candidate of the Green Party of the United States, which had been formed in the wake of his 1996 campaign. Nader was also nominated by the Vermont Progressive Party [5] and the United Citizens Party of South Carolina [6]. Nader's vice presidential running mate was Winona LaDuke, an environmental activist, and member of the Ojibwe tribe of Minnesota. That year, Nader appeared on the ballot in 44 states, up from 22 in 1996 [7]. He received 2,882,995, or 2.74 percent of the popular vote, missing the 5 percent needed to qualify the Green Party for federally distributed public funding in the next election, yet qualifying the Greens for ballot status in many new states.^[11][12]

Nader campaigned against the pervasiveness of corporate power and spoke on the need for campaign finance reform, environmental justice, universal healthcare, affordable housing, free education (including college), workers' rights, legalization of commercial hemp, and a shift in tax policies to place the burden more heavily on corporations than on the middle and lower classes. He opposed pollution credits and giveaways of publicly owned assets. The campaign staged a series of large political super rallies which each drew over 10,000 paying attendes (12,000 in Boston [8] & Minneapolis [9]). In October of 2000, at the largest Super Rally ^[13] of his campaign, in New York City's Madison Square Garden 15,000 people paid $20 each ^[14], to hear Nader say that Al Gore and George W. Bush were "Tweedledee and Tweedledum -they look and act the same, so it doesn't matter which you get". Nader and his supporters believed that the Democratic Party had drifted too far to the right. Throughout the campaign, Nader noted he had no worries about taking votes from Al Gore; he said, "Isn't that what candidates try to do to one another--take votes?"^[15]) He insisted that any failure to defeat Bush would be Gore's responsibility: "Al Gore thinks we're supposed to be helping him get elected. I've got news for Al Gore: If he can't beat the bumbling Texas governor with that terrible record, he ought to go back to Tennessee."^[16] The campaign also had some prominent union help The California Nurses Association and the United Electrical Workers endorsed his candidacy and campaigned for him ^[17].

Nader's polled 97,421 votes in Florida, where Bush had defeated Gore by 537 votes amidst charges that Republicans had stolen the election.^[18][19]. The highly contested outcome prompted some Gore supporters to accuse Nader of tilting the election in Bush's favor, a charge denied by Nader and his supporters. ^{[20][21][22][23][24]}

Because Nader had been denied access to the ballot in some states, the Nader 2000 campaign launched an effort to challenge the inclusion criteria for the presidential debates sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD). The effort, however, failed.^[25]

[edit] The "Election Spoiler" Controversy

The extremely close race between the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates, Al Gore and George W. Bush, helped to create some additional controversy around the 2000 campaign. Many Democrats claimed that Nader had no realistic chance of winning in the close election. They felt that those who supported Nader should have instead voted for Gore, and that a victory for Gore would have been preferable to a victory for George W. Bush [10]. Many prominent liberal politicians, activists, and celebrities campaigned for Nader [11]; others made the argument of prominent Democrats to voters in swing states, sometimes using the catch phrase "a vote for Nader is a vote for Bush." The Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in a likely effort to split the "left" vote, a tactic from which the Nader campaign disassociated itself.^[26] Nader and many of his supporters, including filmmaker Michael Moore, responded with their own catch phrase: "a vote for Gore is a vote for Bush."^[27][28] The Nader campaign proclaimed that while Gore was perhaps marginally preferable to Bush, the differences between the two were not great enough to merit support of Gore.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] The debate on the "spoiler" issue prior to the election

As pre-election polls showed the race to be close, a group of activists who had formerly worked for Nader calling themselves "Nader's Raiders for Gore" took out advertisements in newspapers urging their former mentor to end his campaign. "It is now clear that you might well give the White House to Bush," the group wrote in an open letter to Nader dated 21 October 2000. "As a result, you would set back significantly the social progress to which you have devoted your entire, astonishing career."^[29]

In his book Crashing the Party, Nader described "Nader's Raiders for Gore" as a group that was named "oxymoronically."^[30]

When Nader, in a letter to environmentalists, attacked Gore for "his role as broker of environmental voters for corporate cash," and "the prototype for the bankable, Green corporate politician," and what he called a string of broken promises to the environmental movement, Sierra Club president Carl Pope sent an open letter to Nader, dated 27 October 2000, defending Al Gore's environmental record and calling Nader's strategy "irresponsible."^[31] He wrote:

You have also broken your word to your followers who signed the petitions that got you on the ballot in many states. You pledged you would not campaign as a spoiler and would avoid the swing states. Your recent campaign rhetoric and campaign schedule make it clear that you have broken this pledge... Please accept that I, and the overwhelming majority of the environmental movement in this country, genuinely believe that your strategy is flawed, dangerous and reckless.^[32]

Pope also protested Nader's suggestion that a "bumbling Texas governor would galvanize the environmental community as never before," and his statement that "The Sierra Club doubled its membership under James Watt."^[33] Wrote Pope in a letter to the New York Times dated 1 November 2000:

Our membership did rise, but Mr. Nader ignores the harmful consequences of the Reagan-Watt tenure. Logging in national forests doubled. Acid rain fell unchecked. Cities were choked with smog. Oil drilling, mining and grazing increased on public lands. A Bush administration promises more drilling and logging, and less oversight of polluters. It would be little solace if our membership grew while our health suffered and our natural resources were plundered.^[34]

However, Pope's opinion did not represent the full spectrum of views in the Sierra Club. Chad Hanson, member of the Sierra Club's national Board of Directors, wrote that "national environmental groups are notorious for looking the other way when a Democrat President they helped get elected sells out the environment."

The problem is, when it comes to comparing Gore and Bush on the environment, Bush is twice as bad but half as effective, while Gore is half as bad but twice as effective. On the ground where it counts, the difference between the two, in terms of the damage they are capable of, is likely to be negligible.^[35]

On 26 October 2000, Eric Alterman wrote in The Nation, "Nader has been campaigning aggressively in Florida, Minnesota, Michigan, Oregon, Washington and Wisconsin. If Gore loses even a few of those states, then Hello, President Bush. And if Bush does win, then Goodbye to so much of what Nader and his followers profess to cherish.^[36] After the election, Alterman said Nader was partially to blame for the election of George W. Bush because of vote splitting.^[37]

The progressive media watchdog group FAIR noted a month before the election that what they characterized as a patronizing attitude towards Nader's campaign became increasingly hostile "when media outlets felt that Nader was interfering with the sacred two-party system."^[38]

[edit] Impact on the election

Various different theories have arisen as to the extent, if any, that Nader's campaign had in the 2000 presidential race. America's use of the winner-take-all, pluraity voting method does leave open the possiblity of a non-major party candidate causing the "spoiler effect". Richard Winger, the nation's leading expert on ballot access laws, has noted that their have been several examples in a presidential race, where a non-major party candidate directly impacted which of the two major party candidates won. Yet, conflicting viewpoints when this political theory on voting methods, get applied to the Nader campaign.

Some people, notably Gore supporters, have argued that that Nader voters may have otherwise voted for Al Gore, especially in closely contested states such as Florida, and shifted the outcome of the election. In part based on his role in this election, the Atlantic Monthly ranked Nader 96 on its list of the "100 most influential Americans": "He made the cars we drive safer; thirty years later, he made George W. Bush the president".^[39]

Yet, other people have argued that Nader was just one of factors in the 2000 presidential election that helped to elect President Bush. These factors include demographic and gender issues, structural issues relating to American system of plurality voting, changing patterns of party loyalties, and Gore's own campaign strategies.^[40]

Which arguments and studies are correct remains in, often bitter, dispute. Many Gore supporters launched the "a vote for Nader is a vote for Bush" slogan, which was designed to alert Nader supporters to the spoiler effect phenomenon. Some Democrats attempted to convert those who supported Nader by claiming that doing so made them "dupes" of the Republican party. Wrote Medea Benjamin, the Green Party candidate for senate in California in 2000, "... maybe it's time for the people who voted for Bush in 2000, the people who didn't vote at all in 2000, and yes, people like myself who voted for Ralph Nader in 2000, to admit our mistakes. I'll say mine -- I had no idea that George Bush would be such a disastrous president. Had I known then what I know now, and had I lived in a swing state, I would have voted for Gore instead of Ralph Nader."^[41]

When challenged with complaints that he was "taking away" votes from Al Gore, Nader replied that the voters who preferred Nader did not "belong" to Gore in the first place, and that it would be more accurate to say that Gore was trying to take away votes from Nader by scaring voters into voting for what he considered the lesser of two evils.^[42][43] When Nader argued that he would hold the Democrats' "feet to the fire," he was suggesting that he wanted to move the Democratic Party in a more progressive direction.^[44]

However, at other moments Nader said that, because the Democratic Party had slid so low and had become so beholden to corporate power in his opinion, the Democratic Party deserved to go the way of the Whigs. Running as the Green Party's nominee in 2000, Nader, consistent with being the head of the party, indicated that he would support Green candidates against even the most progressive candidates of other parties.

A 2005 study by Harvard professor Barry C. Burden found that the locations of Nader's campaign stops were primarily chosen to maximize his vote toward the goal of obtaining the threshold 5 percent vote total needed for the Green Party to obtain ballot status, and was separate from how close Bush and Gore were running in certain states. The study also looked at where Nader spent money on advertising, and got the same results. Burden concluded that there was no evidence for the claim that Nader was deliberately campaigning as a "spoiler," a contention Burden identified (p.678) as emanating from both the political Left and the mainstream media, and which he concluded was inaccurate:

The spoiler thesis is apparently the result of journalists looking to sensationalize the campaign, Democrats looking for a scapegoat, or a simple misreading of the campaign record.(p. 694)^[45]

Some commentators, nevertheless, stated that Nader's strategy seemed better suited to hurting Gore than helping himself. Writing in Slate Magazine article, Jacob Weisberg claimed that Nader was "actively trying to elect Bush."^[46] These findings are in direct contraposition with other sources, including another Harvard analyst interviewed in "An Unreasonable Man."

Anticipating the type of close election that in fact occurred in Florida in 2000, some voters attempted to minimize the spoiler problem by engaging in strategic "vote-pairing," or so-called Nader trading, in which Nader-inclined voters in swing states would agree to vote for Gore in exchange for Gore-inclined voters in safe Bush states to vote for Nader. This strategic idea, which was championed by law professor Jamin Raskin, was based on the observation that, under the electoral college system, individual votes for a losing presidential candidate within a given state (or individual "surplus" votes for the winner within a state) are necessarily wasted. Even though "Nader trading" had the theoretical potential to allow Al Gore to win the election and at the same time to earn the Green Party the 5% that would lead to a possible award of FEC party convention funding, Nader himself declined to endorse the "vote-trading" idea in 2000, explaining that they were running in every state and that they were encouraging voters to vote according to conscience.

[edit] Result

Ralph Nader speaks out against the presidential debates at Washington University in St. Louis from which he was excluded on Oct 17, 2000.

As it turned out, the number of votes Nader received in Florida exceeded the number of votes by which Bush defeated Gore in Florida by some 89,000, leading some to speculate as to whether or not Nader and/or his supporters "cost Gore the presidency." Nader, both in his book Crashing the Party, and on his website, states: "In the year 2000, exit polls reported that 25% of my voters would have voted for Bush, 38% would have voted for Gore and the rest would not have voted at all."^[47] Nader also noted that in Florida approximately 250,000 self-identified Democrats voted for Bush -- over twice the number of Florida voters he attracted.^[48]

Nader supporters countered that, instead of blaming Nader, Gore should accept responsibility because his own failure to win his home state of Tennessee was a "but-for cause" of Gore's loss. Nader supporters also maintained that the Democrats should handily have won the election against Bush (whom Nader referred to during the campaign as "a giant corporation masquerading as a human being") with a better campaign or with a better candidate than Gore. Nader supporters and many Democrats note that Gore's campaign themes were largely a creature of the "centrist" and corporate-supported Democratic Leadership Council, which had once been chaired by then-Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. The U.S. presidential election, 2000 was hounded by the Florida situation, and some Nader supporters suggested that the Democrats should blame the Supreme Court for calling a halt to the Florida recount, thereby effectively declaring Bush the winner.^[49]

In a post-election analysis, Al From, the founder and CEO of the Democratic Leadership Council, stated that the contention that Nader's vote totals hurt Gore wasn't borne out by polling data. From wrote that the polls indicated that in a two-way race minus Nader, Bush would have won by a percentage point. However, it is important to note that such a margin in a poll is well within the margin of error.^[50]

During an interview on Midweek Politics, host David Pakman asked Nader if the situation in Iraq would be different if Gore had been in the White House instead of Bush. Nader's opinion was that Gore would have initiated bombing of Iraq, but would not have invaded as Bush/Cheney had done. Noting that Gore would indeed have been President "if 250,000 Democrats in Florida didn’t vote for Bush," Nader said that both the Democratic Party and Republican Party need to be held responsible for the Iraq War: "one for starting it, and the other for giving up in Congress and handing them the responsibility for starting the war."^[51]

[edit] 2004

Main article: Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2004

Ralph Nader (right) with Congressman Dennis Kucinich.

Nader announced on December 24, 2003 that he would not run for president in 2004 on the Green Party ticket; however, he did not rule out running as an independent. Out of the candidates for the Democrat presidential nomination, Nader said he would not have run against Congressman Dennis Kucinich, whose progressive views Nader preferred, though Kucinich was not a serious contender.

On February 22, 2004, Nader announced on NBC's Meet the Press that he would indeed run for president as an independent, saying, "There's too much power and wealth in too few hands." Because of the controversies over vote-splitting in 2000, many Democrats urged Nader to abandon his candidacy. The Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, Terry McAuliffe argued that Nader had a "distinguished career, fighting for working families" and he (McAuliffe) "would hate to see part of his legacy being that he got us eight years of George Bush."

On May 19, 2004, Nader met with John Kerry in Washington D.C. for a private session, concerning Nader's factor in the 2004 election. Though Kerry did not ask Nader to withdraw from the race, Nader maintained his right to run, citing specifically the importance to him of the immediate removal of troops from Iraq. The meeting itself ended in disagreement. On the same day, two Democratic leaning groups, the National Progress Fund and the Democracy Action Team, were formed. They both sought to reduce the effect of Nader upon Democratic voters that might be persuaded to vote for him. The following day, the Democracy Action Team's Stop Nader campaign announced they would air TV commercials in key battleground states.

On June 21, 2004, Nader announced that Peter Camejo, a former two-time gubernatorial candidate of the California Green Party, would be his vice presidential running mate. Shortly thereafter, Nader announced that he would accept (although he was not actively seeking) the endorsement, but not nomination, of the Greens as their presidential candidate. Later in June, however, the national convention of the Green Party of the United States rejected Nader, whose supporters were voting for "nobody" (a.k.a. Ralph Nader), as a candidate in favor of David Cobb, an attorney and Green Party activist. Nader's failure to take the Green Party's nomination meant that he could not take advantage of the Green Party's ballot access in 22 states, and that he would have to achieve ballot access in those states on his own. Despite having chosen to run outside of the Green Party, Nader professed outrage at the Green Party's "strange" choice, terming the party a "cabal."^[52]

Nader while running as an independent did receive the endorsement of the Reform Party. While the endorsement generated publicity for Nader and the Reform Party, the party was only able to provide Nader with seven ballot lines [12].

(During a press conference in support of Peter Camejo for California Governor, pranksters hit Nader in the face with a pie as Camejo looked on.)^[53]

[edit] Meeting with Congressional Black Caucus

Nader attended a meeting with the Congressional Black Caucus. The session soon turned into a shouting exchange and several CBC members stormed out. Nader argued that he would draw enough independents and Republicans away to weaken President George W. Bush. The caucus urged Nader to give up his presidential run, fearing that vote splitting would hurt John Kerry, the Democratic Party's nominee. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX) called the upcoming election "a life or death matter" for the Caucus members' constituents. Nader accused Congressman Mel Watt of twice uttered an "obscene racial epithet" towards him; it was alleged that Watt said: "You're just another arrogant white man - telling us what we can do - it's all about your ego - another f--king arrogant white man." Watt subsequently did not offer an apology.[13]

Nader wrote to the Caucus afterwards:

"Instead, exclamations at the meeting... end[ed] with the obscene racist epithet repeated twice by Yale Law School alumnus Congressman Melvin Watt of North Carolina. One member of your Caucus called to apologize for the crudity of some of the members. I had expected an expression of regret or apology from Congressman Watt in the subsequent days after he had cooled down. After all there was absolutely no vocal or verbal provocation from me or from my associates, including Peter Miguel Camejo, to warrant such an outburst. In all my years of struggling for justice, especially for the deprived and downtrodden, has any legislator--white or black--used such language? I do not like double standards, especially since our premise for interactions must be equality of respect that has no room, as I responded to Mr. Watt, for playing the race card. Therefore, just as African-Americans demanded an apology from Agriculture Secretary Earl Butz and Senator Trent Lott--prior to their resignation and demotion respectively--for their racist remarks, I expect that you and others in the Caucus will exert your moral persuasion and request an apology from Congressman Watt. Please consider this also my request for such an expression--a copy of which is being forwarded directly to Mr. Watt's office."^[54]

[edit] Ballot access

The Nader campaign failed to gain a spot on a number of state ballots, and faced legal challenges to its efforts in a number of states. In some cases, state officials found large numbers of submitted voter petitions invalid. While Nader campaign officials blamed legal challenges by the Democratic Party for their difficulties in getting Nader's name on the ballot, the difficulties faced by petition-gatherers were also a significant factor - there were far fewer people in 2004 eager to sign petitions for Ralph Nader, and petition-gatherers complained that they often received verbal abuse from people they solicited. One of Nader's California organizers observed that "paid signature gatherers did not work for more than a week or two. They all quit. They said it was too abusive."^[55]

Capitol University law professor Mark Brown asserts that the intensive legal battles and obstacles Nader 2000 campaign encountered

reveals a concerted Democratic program to purge Nader from the presidential ballot.^[56] Brown argued that the Democrats feared that Nader would siphon support from John Kerry's campaign. Nader was thus challenged because he had too much support.^[57]

The Democrats insinuated that Nader was acting in concert with Republicans who were funding his independent campaign.

Former Nader ally Toby Moffett was among those who coordinated a national effort on behalf of the Democrats to deny votes and ballot access to the Nader campaign. The effort included polling operations to identify Nader weaknesses, a national team of volunteers, fundraising efforts, challenges to petition signatures, and the establishment of the United Progressives for Victory Political Action Committee. Moffett vowed to "do whatever it takes within the law" to counter the Nader campaign.^{[58][59][60][61][62]}

The Nader campaign ultimately faced legal challenges to ballot access in 18 states, and achieved ballot status in 10 fewer states than it had in 2000. In the general election, Nader appeared on the ballot in thirty-four states and the District of Columbia, notably fewer than his Libertarian counterpart, Michael Badnarik. Ballot access ultimately became one of the most significant issues of the Nader campaign; in his concession speech, Nader characterized ballot access as a "civil liberties issue" and noted that Democratic attempts to challenge his ballot access were rejected in the "overwhelming majority" of state courts.

[edit] Key States

On April 5, 2004, Nader failed in an attempt to get on the Oregon ballot. "Unwritten rules" disqualified over 700 valid voter signatures, all of which had already been verified by county elections officers, who themselves signed and dated every sheet with an affidavit of authenticity (often with a county seal as well). This subtraction left Nader 218 short of the 15,306 needed. He vowed to gather the necessary signatures in a petition drive. Secretary of State Bill Bradbury disqualified many of his signatures as fraudulent; the Marion County Circuit Court ruled that this action was unconstitutional as the criteria for Bradbury's disqualifications were based upon "unwritten rules" not found in electoral code, but the state Supreme Court ultimately reversed this ruling. Nader appealed this decision to the US Supreme Court, but a decision did not arrive before the 2004 election.

Nader failed to gain a place on the Massachusetts ballot, though his efforts to do so faced no Democratic legal challenges (Kerry's ability to win his home state was never in doubt). Nader fell some 1500 signatures short of the state's 10,000 signature requirement, and his campaign blasted the state's electoral requirements as "arcane."^[63]

Nader also failed to gather the requisite 153,035 signatures to place on the California ballot. The campaign submitted an estimated 83,000 signatures. The Nader campaign briefly flirted with the idea of convincing the California Green Party to nominate Nader instead of David Cobb. Cobb secured the Green Party nomination, and pledged that his campaign would not campaign aggressively in close states to avoid charges of being a “spoiler.”^[64]

On August 19, 2004, the Illinois State Board of Elections ruled that Nader lacked enough valid signatures to qualify for access on the state ballot.^[65] Nader appealed the ruling, claiming that Illinois's requirement of 25,000 valid signatures was an onerous burden on third-party candidates, and that the petition deadline was too early in the year. This suit was rejected by U.S. District Judge Matthew Kennelly, who found that "Illinois' petition deadline and signature requirements... did not impose a severe burden on persons like Nader seeking to pursue an independent presidential candidacy."^[66] The Seventh U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed this decision on September 22, 2004.^[67] The court, headed by Judge Richard Posner pointedly noted that Nader could have filed his suit in February, just after declaring his candidacy, and contended that, given Illinois's population of 12 million, a signature requirement of 25,000 was not onerous.^[68]

On September 18, 2004, the Florida Supreme Court ordered that Nader be included on the 2004 ballot in Florida as the Reform Party candidate. The court rejected the arguments that the Reform Party did not meet the requirements of the Florida election code for access to the ballot — that the party must be a "national party" and that it must have nominated its candidate in a "national convention" — and therefore Nader should have attempted to file as an independent candidate. Specifically, the court ruled that the term "national party" must be interpreted as broadly as possible. The Reform Party has a ballot line in only some U.S. states.

Nader faced an uphill battle to achieve ballot access in Pennsylvania. Although his campaign claimed to have turned in over 50,000 signatures by the August deadline, the Democratic Party launched legal challenges. A series of Commonwealth Court decisions in the fall of 2004 came to a final conclusion on September 2, 2004. On that day, the state's highest Court ruled that Nader could not appear on Pennsylvania's ballot as an Independent candidate, as he was seeking the Reform Party's nomination elsewhere.^[69] When the Nader campaign moved to block the examination of its signatures, Pennsylvania Judge James Garner Collins rejected it, declaring that the campaign's plea "tortured the law."^[70] Pennsylvania brought the Nader campaign another black eye: Nader was sued by a lawyer representing homeless people in the state who claimed that they had been hired to gather signatures, but not paid for their efforts.^[71]

Nader also fell short of gaining the 3,711 signatures necessary to appear on the ballot in Hawaii. More than half of the 7,000 signatures submitted by the campaign were determined to be invalid or incomplete by state officials.^[72]

[edit] Results

Nader received many fewer votes than he had in 2000, dropping from about 2.9 million votes (2.74% of the popular vote) to 405,623 (about 0.35%).^[73] Nader's vote total placed him only slightly more than 63,000 votes ahead of the fourth-place candidate, Michael Badnarik of the Libertarian Party, who appeared on 49 ballots. Fears that Nader would play a "spoiler" role that would harm the Democrats proved unfounded — unlike 2000, Kerry's margins of loss in states won by Bush were all substantially larger than the percentage of votes gathered by Nader.

[edit] 2008

Main article: Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2008

On December 31, 2007, Nader gave an interview in Iowa in which he indicated his support for presidential candidate John Edwards. Saying Edwards was a "glimmer of hope," he added, "Edwards is at least highlighting day after day that the issue is who controls our country: big business or the people?"^[74]

In a measure of how little regard the Democratic Party has for Nader, however, the Edwards campaign did not publicize the support.^{[citation needed]} Noted former Nader Raider Walter Shapiro, "Nothing better illustrates the double-edged nature of Nader's support than the silence from its recipient. The Edwards campaign has not mentioned the anointment in a single press release."^[75]

Following the withdrawal of both John Edwards and Dennis Kucinich from the race, Nader announced the formation of a presidential campaign support committee and said he planned to run for president in 2008 if he could raise enough money.^[76]

On February 22 2008, CNN reported that Nader was considering another White House run. ^[77] Then, on February 24, 2008, Nader announced his 2008 Presidential bid on Meet the Press.^[78] On February 28, 2008, he announced that his running mate would be Matt Gonzalez.^[79]

[edit] Effect on other candidates

Each time that Ralph Nader has run for President, his campaign has sparked a larger discussion about the role of independent and political parties not Democratic or Republican within the United States of America electoral process. In 2000 and 2004 where many progressives and Democratic Party activists believed, rightly or wrongly, that Nader's campaign was helping the Republican Party.

In 2004, critics of Nader running for President pointed to the fact that Republican Party activists were helping Nader get on the election ballot. A Republican organization in Michigan, for example, worked to gather petition signatures to place Nader on the Michigan ballot after Democratic Party lawyers defeated Nader's effort to appear on the Michigan ballot as the Reform Party's nominee.^[80] Nader's campaign maintained that in fact, Nader was a harsher critic of George W. Bush than Democratic candidate John Kerry was, and that the campaign welcomed support from Republican voters, but not Republicans engaged in a "Machiavellian" scheme to hurt the Kerry campaign.^[81]

In Arizona, according to an article by Max Blumenthal that appeared in The American Prospect and on AlterNet, a company called Voters Outreach of America, headed by a former executive director of the Arizona Republican Party, Nathan Sproul, had been involved in gathering Nader signatures^[82][83] Mr. Blumenthal's article was based this on interviews with petition-gatherers in Arizona, notably Michael Arno and Derek Lee. Arno, co-owner of a Republican consulting firm, told Blumenthal that he had declined repeated requests by Nader to petition for him, referring Nader instead to Jenny Breslyn, who was simultaneously gathering petitions for Protect America Now - a petition to restrict the availability of public benefits to undocumented immigrants. Lee had heard from several peers that petition-gatherers were simultaneously seeking signatures for Nader and signatures for the anti-immigrant initiative. News of the seeming collusion of Nader and right-wing anti-immigrant advocates incensed many Democratic Party activists.^[84]

Many progressives and Democratic Party supporters urged voters to worry about the spoiler effect. Organizations such as "Up for Victory" were formed specifically to dissuade people from voting for Nader and to knock him off the ballot in as many states as possible. These groups, as well as some journalists, pointed to FEC filings showing that the Nader campaign had accepted campaign contributions from several individual donors who were also contributing to Bush's campaign, including a donation from one individual who had helped to fund televised advertisements by Swift Boat Veterans for Truth that attacked Kerry's military service record in the Vietnam War and Kerry's subsequent activity in the 1970s as a leader of the anti-war group Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Nader's campaign countered that John Kerry had received far more money in 2004 from individual Republican donors than Nader had, and that Nader was in fact not accepting organized Republican help.

In Florida and several other states, Nader's ballot access came about due to his nomination by the Reform Party. The Reform Party nominee in 2000 had been conservative Pat Buchanan; some anti-Nader Democrats took this, on top of the case of Nader's Arizona petitions, as evidence that Nader was courting voters from the far right.

A group of Nader's supporters from 2000 endorsed "Vote to Stop Bush," a statement urging voters in swing states to vote for Kerry in order to prevent President George Bush from being elected to a second term. Nader's running mate in 1996 and 2000, Winona LaDuke, endorsed Kerry, as did filmmaker Michael Moore, who had championed Nader in the 2000 campaign. Another approach was taken by (the now offline) "RalphPlease.org", which gathered conditional contributions, pledges to donate to Public Citizen if Nader would withdraw from the race.

The Nader campaign contended that the donations it received were given by "people who agree with him on the issues and want him to get his message out to the public." Nader also responded to such claims by pointing out that Democratic opponent John Kerry received $10.7 million from donors who also contributed to Bush or to some other Republican candidate.

[edit] Lawsuit charging sabotage by Democratic Party

On October 30, 2007, Nader filed a lawsuit in Superior Court in the District of Columbia against the Democratic Party, the 2004 Kerry-Edwards campaign and assorted groups affiliated with that campaign. Nader, his vice-presidential candidate Peter Camejo, and a group of voters who were unable to vote for Nader contend Democrats are guilty of sabotaging Nader’s 2004 campaign through a nationwide effort to block access to the ballot and to force the campaign into bankruptcy by filing lawsuits attempting to block ballot access in 18 states.^[85][86]

[edit] Electoral system

A significant number of progressives criticized Mr. Nader for trying to change the electoral system through an impractical presidential campaign, pointing out that independent or third-party presidential candidates are highly unlikely to win an election under the winner-take-all, pluraity voting method, and can cause the spoilage effect. Supporters of Ralph Nader often countered that an alternative presidential bid can be extremely valuable regardless of the ultimate number of votes the candidate receives. For example, such a bid can raise important issues and improve political dialogue.

Yet, critics argue that if he simply wanted to raise issues, he should have run in either major party primary, and point out that election law reform legislation has all but stalled since Nader's presidential campaigns. In a similar manner, Howard Dean, argued that Nader should not run for president but should instead concentrate on building successful interest groups to promote fairer ballot access laws, campaign finance reform, and alternative voting methods [14], [15].

Nader's supporters point out that Nader has been involved in election law reform issues in the past. Nader's first published law review article, "Do Third Parties Have A Chance?" (co-authored with Theodore Jacobs and published in the Harvard Law Record, October 9, 1958) was on ballot access reform, and Nader has founded several important organizations (including Public Citizen) dedicated to election law reform. Nader has also been one of the champions of including the so-called "NOTA" (none of the above) option on election ballots, to increase voter choice; a 1994 "In the Public Interest" piece by Nader laid out the case for NOTA.^[87]

Critics respond, that Nader is in a position to commit his extensive personal wealth and status among independent and minor party supporters behind the major election law reform interest groups such as the Center for Voting and Democracy (www.fairvote.org) and Ballot Access News, or even use a state's Initiative & Referendum process to push for fairer ballot access laws, instant runoff voting or proportional representation. The argue that interest groups are the only way that election law reform has ever been implemented in America, and that Nader, given his work with interest groups, should know this.

A growing number of Democrats have expressed support in one election law reform issue; instant runoff voting. Howard Dean expressed support for it during his presidential campaign, as has Barack Obama. Voting rights and election law reform initiatives are a major theme of many Progressive Democrats, and the Congressional Black Caucus.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
• Nader/Camejo 2004
• Greens for Nader 2008 (a 2008 presidential draft site)
• Ballot access details
• Democracy Rising: Anti-war news, commentary and activism
• Common Dreams: News and Commentary for the Progressive Community
• Salon.com Citizen Nader
• 2004 Vote Profile: Ralph Nader
• Digital History Ralph Nader
• Interview with Ralph Nader for Princeton Report on Knowledge about the spin of information.

v • d • e Ralph Nader Family Rose Nader Books authored Unsafe at Any Speed · Action for a Change · Whistle-Blowing  · Corporate Power in America (with Mark J. Green)  · You and Your Pension (with Kate Blackwell)  · The Consumer and Corporate Accountability  · In Pursuit of Justice  · Ralph Nader Congress Project  · Ralph Nader Presents: A Citizen's Guide to Lobbying  · Verdicts on Lawyers  · Who's Poisoning America (with Ronald Brownstein and John Richard)  · The Big Boys (with William Taylor)  · The Good Fight: Declare Your Independency and Close the Democracy Gap  · Crashing the Party: Taking on the Corporate Government in an Age of Surrender  · Cutting Corporate Welfare  · No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America (with Wesley J. Smith)  · Collision Course: the Truth About Airline Safety (with Wesley J. Smith)  · Lemon Book: Auto Rights (with Clarence Ditlow)  · Winning the Insurance Game: the Complete Consumer's Guide to Saving Money (with Wesley J. Smith)  · Menace of Atomic Energy (with John Abbotts)  · Taming the Giant Corporation (with Joel Seligman and Mark J. Green)  · Canada Firsts (with Nadia Milleron and Duff Conacher)  · The Frugal Shopper (with Wesley J. Smith)  · Getting the Best from Your Doctor (with Wesley J. Smith)  · Nader on Australia  · The Ralph Nader Reader  · It Happened in the Kitchen: Recipes for Food and Thought  · Why Women Pay More (with Frances Cerra Whittelsley)  · Children First! A Parent's Guide to Fighting Corporate Predators  · The Seventeen Traditions Political campaigns Campaign for 1992 presidential election  · Campaign for 1996 presidential election  · Campaign for 2000 presidential election  · Campaign for 2004 presidential election  · Campaign for 2008 presidential election Organizations Public Citizen  · Consumer Project on Technology  · Public Interest Research Group  · Center for Auto Safety  · Connecticut Citizen Action Group  · Essential Information  · Princeton Project 55  · Appleseed Foundation  · Democracy Rising  · Citizen Advocacy Center  · Citizens Utility Boards  · Congress Accountability Project  · Consumer Task Force For Automotive Issues  · Corporate Accountability Research Project  · Disability Rights Center  · Equal Justice Foundation  · Foundation for Taxpayers and Consumer Rights  · Georgia Legal Watch  · National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform  · National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest  · Pension Rights Center  · PROD  · Retired Professionals Action Group  · The Shafeek Nader Trust for the Community Interest  · Center for the Study of Responsive Law  · Aviation Consumer Action Project  · Clean Water Action Project  · Center for Women's Policy Studies  · Trial Lawyers for Public Justice  · Telecommunications Research and Action Center  · National Coalition for Universities in the Public Interest  · Resource Consumption Alliance  · Center for Insurance Research  · Government Purchasing Project  · Center for Justice and Democracy  · Organization for Competitive Markets  · American Antitrust Institute  · Arizona Center for Law in the Public Interest  · Commercial Alert  · Congressional Accountability Project Other Political positions  · An Unreasonable Man  · Ralph Nader: Up Close  · Nader bell