Rail transport in Norway

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Norway
Bergensbanen at Finse, the highest point of the Norwegian railways.
Operation
National railway Norges Statsbaner
Infrastructure company Jernbaneverket
Statistics
Ridership 54 million
Passenger km 2,717 million
Freight 25 million tonnes
System length
Total 4,087 kilometres (2,540 mi)
Double track 219 kilometres (136 mi)
Electrified 2,622 kilometres (1,629 mi)
High-speed 64 kilometres (40 mi)
Gauge
Main 1,435 mm (4 ft 8½ in)
Electrification
Main 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC
Features
No. tunnels 696
Longest tunnel Romeriksporten
No. bridges 2,760
Longest bridge Strømsløpet Bridge
Highest elevation 1,237 metres (4,060 ft)
at Finse
A Class 63 steam engine
A Class 63 steam engine
The completion of Bergensbanen
The completion of Bergensbanen
A BM 73b at Råde Station
A BM 73b at Råde Station

The Norwegian railway system comprises 4,087 km of standard gauge (1,435 mm) track of which 2,622 km is electrified and 219 km double track. There are 696 tunnels and 2760 bridges.

Jernbaneverket is a state owned agency which builds and maintains all railway tracks, while other companies operate them. These companies include Norges Statsbaner, NSB Anbud, CargoNet, Flytoget, Hector Rail, Tågåkeriet and Ofotbanen.

Contents

[edit] History

The first railway in Norway was Hovedbanen between Oslo and Eidsvoll and opened in 1854. The main purpose of the railway was to freight lumber from Mjøsa to the capital, but also passenger traffic was offered. In the period between the 1860s and the 1880s Norway saw a boom of smaller railways being built, including isolated railways in Central and Western Norway. The predominant gauge at the time was narrow gauge (1067 mm), put some lines were built in standard gauge (1435 mm). The height of the era came in 1877 when Rørosbanen connected Central Norway to the capital. In 1883 the entire main railway network was taken over by NSB, though a number of industrial railways and branch lines continued to be operated by private companies.

Three urban railways, in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim, were started as horsecar systems between 1875 and 1893. They were all electrified around the turn of the century.

The second construction boom of the main railway arose in the 1910s and included the Bergensbane across Finse to Bergen, connecting Eastern and Western Norway. Also a number of other larger projects were built through the 1920s, including a second line, Dovrebanen, to Trondheim. This period also saw the first electrified railways and a steady conversion from narrow gauge to standard gauge. Norway chose to electrify their network at 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC.

During World War II there was a massive construction by the German Forces as part of creating Festung Norwegen, including large sections of Nordlandsbanen and the completion of Sørlandsbanen. After the war the main effort was to complete Nordlandsbanen (that reached Bodø in 1962) and completing the decision to electrify 50% of the network, a task not completed until 1970. This allowed the retirement of the steam locomotive, being replaced with electric engines like the El 11 and El 13 or the diesel powered Di 3. In 1966 Norway's only rapid transit, Oslo T-bane was opened, but in the same decade the Bergen tramway was closed. In the 1970s and 80s a lot of branch lines were also abandoned.

In 1980 the massive project of connecting the eastern and western railway networks around Oslo was completed with the opening of the Oslo Tunnel and Oslo Central Station. In 1996 NSB was split in the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate, Jernbaneverket and operating company NSB BA. Since the companies have been split into 10 separate companies and corporations. In 1998 the first new line in 36 years was opened when the high-speed railway Gardermobanen was opened to allow travel at 210 km/h between Oslo, Oslo Airport and Eidsvoll. The 1990s also saw the massive introduction of multiple units on passenger trains. In the 2000s the freight segment was deregulated and a number of freight companies have started competing with the NSB partial subsidiary CargoNet.

[edit] Network

[edit] Track

The main railway network consists of 4087 km of lines, of which 219 km is double track and 60 km high-speed rail (210 km/h). In addition there is 225 km of urban railways, of which 218 km is double track. In addition there are some industrial tracks and minor branch lines and some abandoned and heritage railways. The entire main network is standard gauge (1435 mm), as are the urban railways in Oslo and Bergen. Of the operational railways in Norway, only the Trondheim Tramway has a different gauge, the meter gauge (1000 mm). Some heritage railways, though, operate with various kinds of narrow gauge.

Kirkenes-Bjørnevatnbanen used to be the northernmost railway in the world; however, it was closed down in 1997. Still, Narvik is one of the northernmost towns in the world to have a railway connection, as the terminus for Ofotbanen. It connects to Kiruna, Sweden, but not to Bodø, the northern terminus of the Norwegian railway network. Kiruna is, however, connected to the Swedish railway network, which again is connected to the Norwegian network at the Swedish station of Charlottenberg, Storlien and Kornsjø.

[edit] Traction

2622 km (64%) of the railway network is electrified, all of it at 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC with overhead wires. The only sections that are not electrified are the lines north of Mjøsa, with the sole exception of Dovrebanen. On non-electrified sections diesel locomotives are used. All of the urban railways use 750 V DC, via overhead wires on the tramways and via third-rail on the Oslo T-bane.

[edit] Future expansion plans

In its plans, Jernbaneverket will concentrate its expansions primarily on the cramped network around Oslo. This including expanding Askerbanen from Sandvika to Lysaker, building a new direct double track railway between Oslo S and Ski (probably to be called Follobanen) and a new line between Sandvika and Hønefoss, Ringeriksbanen, as well as increasing speed and capacity on Vestfoldbanen. Jernbaneverket is also building double track between Stavanger and Sandnes.[1]

The Bergen Light Rail will open in 2010 while there is discussion as to whether an automated rapid transit from Lysaker to Fornebu outside Oslo should be built. Also the Oslo T-bane will be expanded.

Main article: High-speed rail in Norway

The question about building a high-speed railway between the largest Southern Norwegian cities has been discussed at political level, and a report was ready by the end of 2007. Advocates for rail transport and environmentalists have wanted to build high speed railways, including upgrades to 250 km/h on Sørlandsbanen, Bergensbanen and Dovrebanen while others, including Norsk Bane, have suggested construction of a new line through Haukeli to Stavanger, Haugesund and Bergen.

[edit] Heritage

There are also several operational museum railways in Norway, including Krøderbanen, Setesdalsbanen, Urskog-Hølandsbanen, Thamshavnbanen, Rjukanbanen, Valdresbanen, Nesttun-Osbanen and Gamle Vossebanen. The Norwegian Railroad Museum is located in Hamar and includes exhibits of train hardware, related objects, as well as document and photography archives.

[edit] Operation

[edit] Railway companies

Traditionally, all trains were operated by NSB, but the deregulation in the 2000s has led to the introduction of a number of new freight operators, including CargoNet, Hector Rail, Tågåkeriet and Ofotbanen. The conservative-liberal government tried to introduce public service obligation bids on subsidized passenger routes in 2005, but the contract was won by the NSB subsidiary NSB Anbud and the following red-green government has cancelled further PSO contracting. Also the Airport Express Train has been made a separate company.

[edit] Passenger rolling stock

Until the 1990s only commuter and regional trains were operated with multiple units, but since then NSB has ordered numerous multiple units for its regional and express lines. Express trains are operated with 16 BM 73 units with tilting technology, regional trains with 16 BM 70, 6 BM 73b (both electric) and 15 BM 93 (diesel) units while the local trains are operated by 71 BM 69 and 36 BM 72 (both electric) while the local trains around Trondheim, Trønderbanen, uses 14 BM 92 diesel multiple units. The Airport Express Train uses 16 BM 71 and NSB Anbud operates 9 BM 69g units. Ofotbanen operates three BM 68 electric multiple units.

NSB still uses locomotive hauled passenger trains on a few of the long distance lines. For this task they use 22 El 18s and 5 Di 4s in addition to six El 17 on Flåmsbana. Most of the cars are B7 on long distance services and B5 on regional services. Most of the locomotives have been transferred to the freight division CargoNet.

[edit] Freight rolling stock

CargoNet uses a combination of 30 El 14, 15 El 16, 19 Di 8 and 6 CD66. The other companies use stock retired by NSB, including Ofotbanen's 7 El 13, 5 Di 3 and 2 T43, HectorRail's 6 El 15 (now known as 161) and Tåkåkeriet's Rc2.

[edit] Operational railways

Line Termini Opened Length Double track Electrified Comment
Hovedbanen Oslo S-Eidsvoll 1854 68 km 21 km Yes
Kongsvingerbanen Lillestrøm-Charlottenberg 1862 115 km 0 km Yes
Randsfjordbanen Hokksund-Hønefoss Station 1868 73 km 0 km Yes Reclassified from Drammen-Hønefoss
Drammenbanen Oslo S-Drammen Station 1872 42 km 42 km Yes
Spikkestadbanen Asker-Spikkestad 1872 14 km 0 km Yes originally part of Drammenbanen
Rørosbanen Hamar-Røros-Trondheim S 1877 383 km 0km No
Østfoldbanen Oslo S-Kornsjø 1879 170 km 63 km Yes continues as Väneren/Norgebanan in Sweden
Østfoldbanen eastern line Ski-Sarpsborg 1882 80 km 0 km Yes freight only Rakkestad-Sarpsborg
Vestfoldbanen Drammen-Skien) 1882 148 km 17 km Yes
Meråkerbanen Hell-Storlien 1882 71 km 0 km No reclassified from Trondheim-Storlien, continues as Mittbanan in Sweden
Gjøvikbanen Oslo S-Gjøvik 1900 124 km 3 km Yes
Ofotbanen Narvik Station-Riksgränsen 1902 42 km 0 km Yes continues as Malmbanan in Sweden
Bergensbanen Hønefoss-Bergen 1909 372 km 0 km Yes Completed to Voss in 1883
Roa-Hønefossbanen Roa-Hønefoss 1909 32 km 0 km Yes freight only
Arendalsbanen Nelaug-Arendal 1910 37 km 0 km Yes built as part of Sørlandsbanen
Solørbanen Kongsvinger-Elverum 1913 94 km 0 km No freight only
Bratsbergbanen Skien-Notodden 1917 44 km 0 km Yes Shares some line with Sørlandsbanen
Dovrebanen Eidsvoll-Trondheim S 1921 485 km 0 km Yes
Raumabanen Dombås-Åndalsnes 1924 114 km 0 km No
Sørlandsbanen Drammen-Stavanger 1944 545 km 0 km Yes to Kongsberg 1871, Kristiansand 1938, Egersund-Stavanger finished 1878
Flåmsbana Myrdal-Flåm 1944 20 km 0 km Yes
Nordlandsbanen Trondheim S-Bodø 1962 729 km 0 km Yes to Sunnan 1905, Grong 1929
Gardermobanen Oslo S-Eidsvoll 1998 64 km 64 km Yes parallel to Hovedbanen
Askerbanen Sandvika-Asker 2005 10 km 10 km Yes parallel to Drammenbanen

[edit] Urban railways

[edit] Abandoned railways

[edit] Abandoned urban railways

[edit] See also


v • d • e
Rail transport in Europe
Sovereign
states

Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark4 · Estonia · Finland · France4, 5, 6 · Georgia2 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Republic of Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain6 · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey3 · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City
Dependencies,
autonomies,
other territories

Abkhazia 2 · Adjara1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Crimea · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Greenland7 · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Kosovo · Isle of Man · Madeira8 · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Nakhchivan1 · Northern Cyprus1 · Republika Srpska · South Ossetia 2 · Svalbard · Transnistria
Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country. 1 Entirely in Southwest Asia.  2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions.  3 / 4 / 5 / 6 Has part of its territory in Asia / North America / South America / Africa.  7 / 8 Entirely on the North American Plate / African Plate.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Jernbaneverket. Prosjekter (Norwegian). Retrieved on 2007-04-09.