Raft of the Medusa

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The Raft of the Medusa
Théodore Géricault, 1818–1819
Oil on canvas
491 × 717 cm, 193.3 × 282.3 in
Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Raft of the Medusa (French: Le Radeau de la Méduse) is a work by the French painter Théodore Géricault, and one of the icons of French Romanticism. An extremely large painting (491 × 717 cm), it was highly controversial at its first appearance in the Salon of 1819, attracting passionate praise and condemnation. The painting depicts the desperate survivors of the French frigate Medusa, which gained notoriety when it struck the Bank of Arguin off the coast of Mauritania in 1816, at their first moment of apparent rescue.

The painting was a political statement – the incompetent captain was an inexperienced but politically sound anti-Bonapartist – and an artistic achievement that galvanized romantic painting and led to a break from the neoclassical style. The work was realized on the epic scale of a history painting, yet— and for the first time in France — it was based on a current news story.[1] The unblemished musculature of the central figure, waving to the supposed rescue ship, is reminiscent of the neoclassical, but the painting is broadly romantic. The naturalism of light and shadow, authenticity of the haggard bodies, and emotional character of the composition, differentiate it from neoclassical austerity. The Raft of the Medusa was a further departure from earlier works because it depicted contemporary events with ordinary and unheroic figures, rather than religious or classical themes. However the ragged state of the figures' clothes means that the "unromantic" nature of modern dress was an issue that could be largely bypassed.

One of the oil sketches produced for the final painting.
One of the oil sketches produced for the final painting.

Impressed by accounts of the shipwreck, which had received huge publicity, the 25-year-old artist Théodore Géricault decided to make a painting based on the incident and contacted the authors of published accounts in 1818. In order to make his Raft of the Medusa as realistic as possible, Géricault made sketches of bodies in the morgue of the Hospital Beaujon, and even brought severed limbs into his studio to study their decay. The painting depicts a moment recounted by one of the survivors: prior to their rescue, the passengers saw a ship on the horizon, which they tried to signal (it can be seen in the upper right of the painting). It disappeared, and in the words of one of the surviving crew members, "From the delirium of joy, we fell into profound dispondency [sic] and grief".[2] The ship, the Argus, reappeared two hours later and rescued those who remained.

A charcoal sketch of one of the figures in the foreground.
A charcoal sketch of one of the figures in the foreground.

Géricault used friends as models, notably the painter Eugène Delacroix as the figure in the foreground with his face turned downward and arms outstretched. Two of the actual raft's ten survivors, Henri Savigny and Alexandre Corréard, with whom Géricault talked at great length, are seen in shadow at the foot of the mast.[3]

A bronze bas-relief of the painting adorns Géricault's grave in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. The painting, urgently championed by the curator of the Louvre, comte de Forbin, was bought for the Louvre from Géricault's heirs after the artist's death in 1824.

[edit] In other works

  • In A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters[4] the picture is reproduced as a fold out and Julian Barnes uses it as a starting point for one of the book's narratives.
  • The untranslated second volume of Peter Weiss's novel The Aesthetics of Resistance (Die Ästhetik des Widerstands) opens with a detailed historical account of the Medusa and subsequently describes Géricault's painting.
  • The Raft by Arabella Edge, published in 2006, is a fictional account describing how Géricault may have come to his painting. (The U.S. edition, published in 2007 by Simon & Schuster, is titled The God of Spring.)
  • The rock group Great White used this painting as the cover art for their album Sail Away.
  • The second album by Irish folk-rock group The Pogues, Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash, uses the famous painting as its album cover, with the faces of the band members replacing those of the men on the raft. Also, on their album Hell's Ditch they pay tribute to the incident with the song "The Wake of the Medusa."
  • The layout of the scene is copied in the French comic book Astérix Légionnaire (Goscinny/Uderzo, 1967) to depict yet another shipwreck of Astérix's recurring pirate enemies. The captain's comment is the pun, "Je suis médusé" ("I am dumbfounded"). Anthea Bell and Derek Hockridge in their English translation replaced this pun with a different joke specifically relating to the painting, having the captain say, "We've been framed, by Jericho!"[5]
  • In the Belgian comic book The Red Sea Sharks, part of The Adventures of Tintin, Tintin alludes to the painting on page 39 when Captain Haddock falls through a raft in the Red Sea.
  • In the novel The Silence of the Lambs, Dr. Lecter's mind wanders to Géricault's anatomical studies for The Raft of the Medusa while waiting for Senator Martin to focus on their conversation.
  • A recent quotation of this painting recently appeared on a cover of The New Yorker magazine: the controversial artist Kara Walker adapted the composition to represent the African Americans of New Orleans frantically signaling for rescue two years after Hurricane Katrina and the failure of the levees had devastated their city. Walker undoubtedly intended to remind viewers not only of Gericault's painting but of its implied condemnation of the cronyism and incompetence that led to the Medusa disaster. Walker's paper-silhouette composition was entitled Adrift.[2]
  • On the cover of the book The Cruel Philosopher: A History of Cannibalism by Catalin Avramescu, a work that analyzes philosophical implications of cannibalism in human history

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Several English paintings, for example The Death of Major Pierson by John Singleton Copley (1783)[1] also painted within two years of the event, had led the way here, as had emotive works of political propaganda such as Jacques-Louis David's unfinished Oath of the Tennis-Court and Napoleonic works such as Bonaparte Visiting the Plague House at Jaffa by Baron Gros.
  2. ^ Riding, Christine (2003). "The Raft of the Medusa in Britain", in Patrick Noon and Stephen Bann: Crossing the Channel: British and French Painting in the Age of Romanticism. London: Tate Publishing, p. 77. ISBN 1-85437-513-X. 
  3. ^ Hagen & Hagen, p.376
  4. ^ Barnes, Julian (1990). A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters. London: Vintage Books, p. 320. ISBN 0679731377 978-0-679-73137-5. 
  5. ^ Asterix, the pictorial element. Literary Transaltion. British Council. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.

[edit] References

  • The Raft of the Medusa, The Louvre
  • Rose-Marie & Rainer Hagen, What Great Paintings Say, Vol. 1, Taschen, pp.374-7