RAF Hornchurch

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Royal Air Force Hornchurch
Image:RAF Hornchurch badge.jpg
Station Crest
Active 3 October 1915 – 31 December 1919,
(As Sutton's Farm),
1 April 1928 – 1 July 1962,
(As RAF Hornchurch)
Country United Kingdom
Branch Royal Flying Corps,
Royal Air Force
Type Flying station
Role Defence of London & South East Engand, Fighter Offensive, Heavy Bomber Escort Duty, Support, Aircrew Selection, RAF(VR) Flying Training
Part of No. 11 Group RAF
Garrison/HQ Hornchurch, Essex, England
Royal Air Force Ensign
Equipment B.E.2c,
B.E.12,
Sopwith 1½ Strutter,
F.E.2
Bristol F2B,
SE5a,
Sopwith Pup,
Sopwith Camel,
Sopwith Snipe,
Armstrong Whitworth Siskin,
Bristol Bulldog,
Hawker Demon,
Gloster Gauntlet,
Gloster Gladiator,
Supermarine Spitfire,
Bristol Blenheim,
Bristol Beaufighter,
Boulton Paul Defiant,
Engagements Air Defence of Britain 1915-1918,
Battle of Britain,
Evacuation of Dunkirk,
Preparation for D-Day,
Normandy Campaign

RAF Hornchurch was an airfield in the south of Hornchurch in what is now the London Borough of Havering. Known as Sutton's Farm during the First World War, it occupied 90 acres of the farm of the same name and was situated 14 miles (22.5 km) east north-east of Charing Cross. Although the airfield closed shortly after the end of WWI, the land was requisitioned in 1923 due to the expansion of the Royal Air Force and it re-opened as a much larger fighter station in 1928. The airfield was ideally located in bomb alley to cover both London and the Thames corridor from German air attacks. It was a key air force installation between both wars and in to the jet age, closing in 1962.

Contents

[edit] History

A Royal Aircraft Factory BE2c similar to those that flew from Sutton's Farm in 1915 and 1916
A Royal Aircraft Factory BE2c similar to those that flew from Sutton's Farm in 1915 and 1916
Lt. William Leefe Robinson (left) and Lt. Wulstan Tempest, both of whom shot down enemy airships.
Lt. William Leefe Robinson (left) and Lt. Wulstan Tempest, both of whom shot down enemy airships.

In 1915 the London Air Defence Area (LADA) was established and a number of airfields were constructed around London with the specific aim of defending the capital from the growing threat from enemy airships. Sutton's Farm, along with its neighbour Hainault Farm, 8 miles (12.9 km) to the north-east, were selected due to their location covering the eastern approaches to London. They were designated Landing Grounds Nos. II and III respectively and joined the existing airfields of North Weald, Rochford and Joyce Green. Suttons Farm airfield became operational on 3rd October 1915, initially with two BE2c aircraft. As the number of aircraft increased at the airfields around London, it was decided to organise them into 39 Home Defence Squadron, which was formed in April 1916, under the command of Major (later Brigadier-General) Thomas Higgins. As the enemy threat moved from airships to aircraft, so better aircraft were introduced to counter them. The BE12, Sopwith 1½ Strutter, Sopwith Pup, FE2, Bristol Fighter, SE5a and Sopwith Camel all operated from Sutton's Farm at some stage, some with more success than others. 39 Squadron moved to North Weald in September 1917 and was replaced by 78 Squadron, under the command of Major Cuthbert Rowden, a 20 year old veteran of the air war in France and subsequent winner of the Military Cross[1][2]. 78 Squadron was later joined by 189 Night Fighter Training Squadron with Sopwith Pups and Camels.

The first recorded interception of an enemy airship over Britain was made by Lt. (later Marshal of the Royal Air Force) John Slessor on the very day he arrived at Sutton's Farm, 13th October 1915. The attack had to be aborted, however, as the airship disappeared into cloud and he had to break off the engagement. [3] The first victory in Britain was not recorded until nearly a year later, on 2nd September 1916, and was attributed to a pilot from Sutton's Farm, Lt. William Leefe Robinson. Robinson shot down a Schütte-Lanz SL11, one of a 16-strong raiding force over London, using the recently developed Brock and Pomeroy mixed incendiary ammunition,[4] which had been adapted specifically for this task. [5] For this action Leefe Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross and became a National hero. Two other Sutton's Farm pilots from the First World War, Lt. Frederick Sowrey and Lt. Wulstan Tempest, were awarded the DSO for their roles in the destruction of Zeppelins,[6]. Tempest's actions were particularly notable; even though his fuel pump was broken and he was having to pump fuel manually whilst flying the aircraft with his other hand, he still managed to engage and destroy an enemy airship and then find his way home in thick fog. These pilots, together with many others, are commemorated by street names in South Hornchurch.[7]

[edit] Inter War Years

Soon after the war ended it was decided that Suttons Farm was surplus to requirements and the airfield was decommissioned, although it was retained on “List C” (stations temporarily retained for Service purposes) until 27 February 1920.[8] The land was returned, most of the buildings demolished and farming resumed once more.

Following the decision in the early 1920s to expand the Royal Air Force, former WWI airfields were inspected to ascertain their suitability for use. Although small, Suttons Farm was ideally located to be able to defend the north-eastern approaches to London. After protracted negotiations, the original land was re-purchased, together with some further land to the south of the original airfield.

The new airfield took four years to build and opened, as RAF Sutton’s Farm, in April 1928. Two months later the name was changed to RAF Hornchurch and the first unit to take up residency was No. 111 Squadron, led by Squadron Leader Keith Park, who also became the first station commander.

[edit] World War II

During World War II the station was a Sector Airfield of Fighter Command's 11 Group, covering London and the south east of England during the Battle of Britain in 1940. By this time, its command centre was in Romford, and a satellite station (an advanced attack outpost; RAF Rochford) was unpopular with the Hornchurch crews sent there from time to time because of the canvas accommodation. Following the war, Hornchurch was home to Flying Training Command's Aircrew Selection Centre for 10 years before it moved to RAF Biggin Hill and the RAF station at Hornchurch closed in July 1962.

[edit] The Airfield Today

Astra House, the former Officers Mess
Astra House, the former Officers Mess
Astra Court East, the former Officers Quarters
Astra Court East, the former Officers Quarters

Following a period of gravel extraction and infilling with rubbish in the 1970s, the airfield was extensively landscaped to create Hornchurch Country Park, with work commencing in 1980. Most of the former administrative and technical areas, including the two Type A and one Type C hangers, were levelled in the 1960s and the area is now a housing estate. The names of the streets of the estate commemorate the airfield and its pilots (such as Bouchier Walk, Kirton Close, Tempest Way, Robinson Close, Tuck Road, Bader Way and Malan Square). The former Officers Mess is now a medical centre in Astra Close. The Officers Mess (Astra House), Officers Quarters (Astra Court East, West & North) and WO Quarters (89-99 (odd numbers) Wood Lane) are included in the RAF Hornchurch Conservation Area.

A local school, The R. J. Mitchell School, was named after the man who designed the Spitfire, and a large monument to this effect, with wreaths placed on Remembrance Day, is within the school railings. Another local school (Suttons School) was re-named Sanders Draper School after an American pilot, Flying Officer Raimund (Smudge) Sanders-Draper, flying with the Royal Air Force at the time, had an engine failure on take-off and stayed at his controls to ensure his aircraft didn't crash on the building, which was full of children at the time.

A number of pillboxes, command bunkers and gun positions, together with the largest number of surviving Tett Turrets in England, still exist within the boundaries of the former airfield and can be seen on the Eastern edge of the country park. RAF Hornchurch artefacts and memorabilia are housed in the Purfleet Heritage & Military Centre.

RAF Hornchurch was the subject of one of the programmes in the BBC TV series Two Men in a Trench. In the programme, several of the defences were examined. One of the Tett Turrets was excavated, the backfill of which contained a pair of 1940 RAF pilot's goggles along with material from the hospital.[9]. The fire trench, a partially buried pillbox and an E pen were excavated, while the gun emplacement on the northern end of the site was cleared of vegetation.

The Good Intent pub, formerly with a large concrete, planetarium-like dome next door (used for training airgunners), still exists on the Hornchurch Road, was popular with the aircrews and has an interesting collection of photos of the Station.

A DVD about RAF Hornchurch was produced by Mike Jones for Streets Ahead Productions.

The airfield is said to be haunted[10] and was the subject of a paranormal investigation in 2004. Click here for the report.

[edit] Controversy

Contemporary postcard illustrating the destruction of Schütte-Lanz SL11
Contemporary postcard illustrating the destruction of Schütte-Lanz SL11

[edit] William Leefe Robinson

Although Robinson was awarded the Victoria Cross for shooting down Schütte-Lanz SL11 in 1916, it wasn't celebrated in all quarters, particularly by serving pilots in France. Home Defence was viewed as a relatively easy role and Robinson had trouble earning the respect of his fellow pilots when he was subsequently posted to France. These views were compounded when Robinson was shot down by aircraft led by Manfred von Richthofen shortly after arriving in France. The awarding of the VC was, undoubtedly, partly politically motivated, although it must be remembered that any form of flying was inherently dangerous in 1916, particularly at night and at these tremendous heights without oxygen. Robinson also managed to single-handedly lift the spirit of a nation that had suffered the new terror of aerial bombardment from the apparently invincible airships.[11]

[edit] Use of Incendiary Ammunition

Although effective in destroying enemy airships, the use of incendiary ammunition was banned under the terms of the Hague Convention of 1899[12] and pilots using it had to have signed orders from their commanding officer. This type of ammunition was only issued to squadrons in Home Defence roles and never to squadrons serving overseas. On his return to Sutton's Farm, William Leefe Robinson's CO ordered him to keep quiet about it [13]as it was thought the propaganda value for the enemy would be invaluable should it leak out, even though the Germans had already broken the terms of the convention by using gas in 1915. Later in the war the use of incendiary ammunition became officially recognised. [14]

[edit] Notable Station Commanders

Name Rank as CO From To Died Later Career
Image:UK-Air-OF9 Small.jpg Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park Sqn Ldr 01/04/28 16/03/29 05/02/75 AOC No 11 Gp, C in C, Air Command South East Asia[15]
Image:UK-Air-OF8 Small.jpg Air Marshal Sir Leonard Slatter Sqn Ldr 25/10/29 01/04/30 14/04/61 AOC Coastal Command[15]
Image:UK-Air-OF7 Small.jpg Air Vice-Marshal Sir Matthew Frew Wng Cdr 02/04/37 27/07/38 28/0574 AOC Training HQ SAAF[15]
Image:UK-Air-OF7 Small.jpg Air Vice Marshall Sir Cecil Bouchier Wng Cdr 20/12/39 21/12/40 15/06/79 AOC British Commonwealth Air Forces of Occupation Japan[16]
Image:UK-Air-OF9 Small.jpg Air Chief Marshal Sir Harry Broadhurst Wng Cdr 20/12/40 12/05/42 29/08/95 AOC Bomber Command, Managing Director A V Roe & Co[16]

Click here for a complete list of Station Commanders

[edit] Squadrons

During its relatively short life, RAF Hornchurch became home[17] to many RAF squadrons:

Squadron Identification Equipment From To Commanding Officer
No. 39 Squadron
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c 15/04/16 09/17 North Weald Maj Thomas Higgins
No. 78 Squadron
Sopwith Camel 09/17 31/12/19 Disbanded Maj Cuthbert Rowden
No. 189 Squadron
Sopwith Camel 4/18 01/03/19 Disbanded Maj H S Powell
No. 111 Squadron
Armstrong Whitworth Siskin IIIA 01/04/28 Sqn Ldr Keith Park
Bristol Bulldog IIA 01/31 12/07/34 Northolt
No. 54 Squadron
Bristol Bulldog IIA 15/01/30 Sqn Ldr W E G Bryant
Gloster Gauntlet 09/36 Sqn Ldr Cecil Bouchier
Gloster Gladiator 05/37 Sqn Ldr H M Pearson
DL (KL)[18] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 03/03/39 03/09/40 Catterick Sqn Ldr James Leathart
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk IIa 23/02/41 Sqn Ldr T.P.R. Dunworth
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Va 05/41 Sqn Ldr R F Boyd
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vb 07/41 17/11/41 Castletown Sqn Ldr N Orton
No. 65 Squadron
Hawker Demon 12/07/34
Gloster Gauntlet 09/36
FZ
Gloster Gladiator 04/37
FZ (YT)[18] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 21/03/39 27/08/40 Turnhouse Sqn Ldr A L Holland
No. 74 Squadron
Hawker Demon 21/09/36 Sqn Ldr Donald Brookes
Gloster Gauntlet 04/37 Sqn Ldr Donald Brookes
JH (ZP)[18] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 13/02/39 14/08/40 Wittering Sqn Ldr Donald Brookes
No. 222 Squadron ZD Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 30/08/40
No. 41 Squadron PN (EB)[18] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 26/07/40 23/02/41 Catterick Sqn Ldr Donald Finlay
No. 266 Squadron UO Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk I 14/08/40 21/08/40 Wittering Sqn Ldr R L Wilkinson
No. 600 Squadron BQ Image:Blenheim Profile.jpg Bristol Blenheim 22/08/40 15/09/40 Redhill Sqn Ldr David Clark
Image:Beaufighter Mk1 Profile.jpg Bristol Beaufighter Mk 1F[19] 01/09/40
No. 264 Squadron PS Image:Defiant Profile.jpg Boulton Paul Defiant 22/08/40 28/08/40
No. 41 Squadron EB Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk 03/09/40
No. 603 Squadron XT Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk 27/08/40
No. 64 Squadron XQ (SH)[18] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk 11a 11/11/40 16/05/41 Turnhouse
Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vb 16/11/41 28/03/43 Turnhouse
No. 122 Squadron WM (MT)[18] Thumb Supermarine Spitfire Mk Vc 01/04/42
Image:Spitfire IX Profile.jpg Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX 03/10/42 18/05/43 Eastchurch

[edit] References

Notes
  1. ^ Rowden Family history
  2. ^ Worcestershire Regimental history
  3. ^ Richard C Smith, Second To None, p10, Grub Street, 2004, ISBN 1-904010-78-4.
  4. ^ Robinson's official post-op report
  5. ^ Wikipedia : Zeppelin
  6. ^ Christopher Cole and E.F. Cheeseman, The Air Defence of Britain, 1914-1918, 1984, Hungry Minds Inc, ISBN 978-0370305387
  7. ^ www.Multimap.com
  8. ^ London Gazette, 2 March 1920
  9. ^ Pollard & Oliver 2002
  10. ^ Psychic Investigators Chris & Jane McCarthy and Dave Coggins
  11. ^ Joshua Levine, On a Wing and a Prayer p290
  12. ^ Yale Law School: The Laws of War
  13. ^ Ralph Barker, A Brief History of the Royal Flying Corps in World War One
  14. ^ Great War Forum
  15. ^ a b c Who Was Who 2008, Oxford University Press
  16. ^ a b Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press
  17. ^ Dates refer to the period Hornchurch was the squadron's base station and does not include rest periods and short postings to other airfields
  18. ^ a b c d e f Wartime identification shown in brackets
  19. ^ Conversion from Blenheim to Beaufighter commenced in September 1940 and was completed in early 1941. Source: RAF Website
Bibliography
  • Christopher Cole and E.F. Cheeseman, The Air Defence of Britain, 1914-1918, 1984, Hungry Minds Inc, ISBN 978-0370305387
  • Ralph Barker, A Brief History of the Royal Flying Corps in World War One, 2002, Robinson Publishing, ISBN 978-1841194707
  • Joshua Levine, On a Wing and a Prayer: The Untold Story of the Pioneering Aviation Heroes of WW1, 2008, Collins, ISBN 978-0007269457
  • Richard C Smith, Hornchurch Scramble, Grub Street, 2000, ISBN 1-902304-62-4
  • Richard C Smith, Second To None, Grub Street, 2004, ISBN 1-904010-78-4
  • Peter G Cooksley, Aviation Enthusiasts' Guide To London & The South-East, PSL, 1982, ISBN 0-85059-533-9
  • Patrick Bishop, Fighter Boys, Harper, 2003, ISBN 978-0-00-653204-0
  • Jonathan Glancey, Spitfire, The Biography, Atlantic Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84354-528-6

[edit] See Also

[edit] External links


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