Radio atmospheric
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A Radio Atmospheric signal or Sferic (sometimes also spelled "Spheric") is a broadband electromagnetic impulse that occurs as a result of natural atmospheric lightning discharges. Sferics may propagate from their lightning source without major attenuation in the Earth-Ionosphere waveguide, and can be received thousands of kilometers from their source. On a time-domain plot, a sferic may appear as a single high-amplitude spike in the time-domain data. On a spectrogram, a sferic appears as a vertical stripe (reflecting its broadband and impulsive nature) that may extend from a few kHz to several tens of kHz, depending on atmospheric conditions.
Sferics received from about two thousand kilometres distance or greater have their frequencies slightly offset in time, producing tweeks.
When the electromagnetic energy from a sferic escapes the Earth-Ionosphere waveguide and enters the magnetosphere, it becomes dispersed by the near-earth plasma, forming a whistler signal. Because the source of the whistler is an impulse (i.e., the sferic), a whistler may be interpreted as the impulse response of the magnetosphere (for the conditions at that particular instant).
