Quinta da Boa Vista
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The Quinta da Boa Vista (English: Park of the Nice View) is a public park of great historical importance in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The park was part of the gardens of the São Cristóvão Palace, the residence of the Emperors of Brazil in the 19th century.
The building of the old palace hosts now the National Museum, with collections on natural history, ethnology and archaeology. The park is also the home of the Zoological Garden of Rio de Janeiro, with over 2000 species of animals.
The Quinta da Boa Vista is located in the São Cristóvão neighbourhood, in the North zone of Rio de Janeiro.
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[edit] History
[edit] Origins
The area now occupied by the Quinta da Boa Vista used to be part of a Jesuit farm. After 1759, when the Jesuits were expelled from colonial Brazil, the land was divided and given to private landlords. In the early 19th century, part of the farm belonged to Elias António Lopes, a rich Portuguese merchant, who around 1803 built a manor house on top of a hill. From this hill one could appreciate a wonderful view of the Guanabara Bay, hence the name Boa Vista (nice view) of the Quinta.
When Prince Regent John VI and the Portuguese court arrived in Rio de Janeiro, in 1808, Elias António Lopes donated his farm to the Prince. John VI appreciated very much the gift, and stayed long periods in the manor house. At the time, the farm was located relatively far from the city of Rio de Janeiro, and was surrounded by mangroves and swamps. Later these had to be eliminated to facilitate the access to the city.
To better accommodate the Portuguese Royal Family, the house went through a renovation between 1816 and 1821, directed by English architect John Johnston. In front of the palace, Johnston installed a decorative gate, a gift sent from England to Brazil by Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland. The gate was later transferred to the entrance of the zoological garden of the Quinta. The house became known as the Paço de São Cristóvão (Palace of Saint Christopher).
[edit] Imperial Residence
After the declaration of the Independence of Brazil, in 1822, the Palace became the residence of Emperor Pedro I. The remodelling and expansion of the Palace continued under Portuguese architect Manuel da Costa (1822-1826), followed by French architect Pedro José Pezerát (1826-1831), credited as the author of the definitive Neoclassical project of the building. He added a new tower to the left of the main façade and added a third floor to the Palace. The works were continued after 1847 by Brazilian artist Manuel de Araújo Porto-alegre, who harmonised the style of the façades, followed by the German Theodore Marx (1857-1868). Italian painter Mario Bragaldi decorated many of the rooms of the Palace, including the Throne Room and the Embassadors' Room, with paintings in trompe d'oiel.
After the marriage of Pedro I and Princess Leopoldina of Austria, in 1817, the Imperial couple resided in the Palace. Here were born the future Queen of Portugal, Maria II (April 4, 1819), as well as the future Pedro II of Brazil (December 2, 1825). Leopoldina died in the Palace in 1825.
Pedro II, future Emperor, grew up and was educated in the Palace, and in 1869 ordered the remodelling of the gardens. French garden designer Auguste François Marie Glaziou was put in charge of the project, which included artificial lakes, bridges, caves and fake ancient temples, all following the Romantic trend of the time. Peter II's children were also born in the Palace, including Princess Isabel (July 29, 1846), famous for having abolished slavery from Brazil in 1888.
[edit] Republic
After the declaration of the Republic of Brazil, the Royals left the country and the Palace and its surrounding gardens became empty. In 1891, the building was used by Brazilian politicians writing the first Republican Constitution of the country.
In 1892, the director of the Nacional Museum of Rio de Janeiro managed to transfer the institution from the Campo de Santana to the Palace of the Quinta da Boa Vista. The inner decoration of the Palace was dispersed, but part of it can still be found in other museums, like the Imperial Museum of Petrópolis, in which the Throne Room was reassembled.
[edit] The Quinta today
The Quinta da Boa Vista is a very popular attraction for locals and also tourists. The fact that the North zone of Rio de Janeiro, where the Quinta is located, has very few public parks only contributes to its popularity. The main attractions are the park itself, with its green areas, centenary trees and lakes, as well as the National Museum and the Zoological Garden.
[edit] National Museum
Founded in 1818 by King John VI of Portugal, the National Museum was transferred to the old Imperial Palace of the Quinta in 1892. During its long history, its collections have been greatly expanded by acquisitions and donations, including by Emperor Pedro II, a great sponsor of the sciences. The collections include Astronomy (mostly meteorites), Palaeontology, Natural history, Ethnology (including many interesting works by Brazilian indigenous peoples) and Archaeology (mostly antiques from ancient Egypt).
Visitors can also see a few rooms of the ancient Palace with its original painted and stucco decoration, like the Throne Room, the Embassadors' Room and the room of Empress Teresa Cristina.
[edit] Zoological Garden
The Zoo of Rio is perhaps the most popular attraction of the Quinta. It was inaugurated in 1945 under President Getúlio Vargas and is the oldest in Brazil. Among its over 2000 animals, the collections of Brazilian monkeys and birds are particularly important.
[edit] References
- Centro de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Rio de Janeiro (2000). Guia da arquitetura colonial, neoclássica e romântica no Rio de Janeiro (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Casa da Palavra. ISBN 858722025X. OCLC 47727038.
