Quenya

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Quenya
Created by: J. R. R. Tolkien  1915–1973 
Setting and usage: The fictional world of Arda
Total speakers: An unknown number of people try to cultivate Quenya in written form (see Neo-Eldarin)
Category (purpose): constructed language
 artistic language
  fictional languages
   languages of Arda
    Quendian
     Eldarin
      Quenya 
Category (sources): a posteriori language with elements of Finnish, Latin and Greek.
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: art
ISO 639-3: qya 
Text in Quenya, written in the Tengwar and Latin alphabets.
Text in Quenya, written in the Tengwar and Latin alphabets.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Quenya is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when they first awoke they were the only creatures they knew who used words to speak), the first-born children of Ilúvatar, in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien. It was the language developed by those non-Telerin Elves who reached Valinor (the "High Elves") from an earlier language called Common Eldarin, which also evolved from the original Primitive Quendian. Of the Three Houses of the Elves, the Noldor and the Vanyar spoke slightly different, though mutually intelligible, dialects of Quenya (Quenya [also Noldorin Quenya and later when they followed Fëanor in Arda Exilic Quenya] and Vanyarin Quenya [also Quendya], respectively). The language was also adopted by the Valar, who made some new introductions into it from their own original language, though these are more numerous in the Vanyarin dialect than the Noldorin one. This is probably the case because of the enduringly close relationship the Vanyar had with the Valar. The part of the Third House, the Teleri, that succeeded to arrive in Aman and founded the city of Alqualondë, spoke a different, closely related language, (Amanya) Telerin, although this was by some seen as a dialect of Quenya, which is untrue in a historic perspective but plausible in a linguistic one; the languages do not share a common history, but are very much alike, and later grew very close due to contact.

During the Third Age Quenya was no longer a living language in Middle-earth: most Elves spoke Sindarin, and Men mostly spoke Westron. Quenya was mainly used in official names and writings and as a ceremonial language, much as the Latin language was in medieval Europe. For this reason it was sometimes called "an Elven-Latin" by Tolkien.[1]

In Tolkien's fictional world, Quenya is usually written in Tengwar, although it was earlier written in Sarati. The language can also be written in other alphabets: modes for Cirth exist. In the real world Tengwar is not uncommon, but it is usually written in the Latin alphabet.

Contents

[edit] Fictional history

The Lay of Leithian translated and transcribed
The Lay of Leithian translated and transcribed

As told in The Silmarillion (chapter 3), the Elves devised the language at Cuiviénen, before they encountered the Vala Oromë:

they began to make speech and give names to all things that they perceived. Themselves they named the Quendi, signifying those that speak with voices; for as yet they had met no other living things that spoke or sang.

Since the stars were the first thing seen by the Elves as they awoke, the word el "star" was the first invented, originally an exclamation of adoration,[2] and Oromë named the elves Eldar "people of the stars" in their own language. Similarly, according to the Cuivienyarna,

Imin, Tata and Enel awoke before their spouses, and the first thing that they saw was the stars, for they woke in the early twilight before dawn. And the next thing they saw was their destined spouses lying asleep on the green sward beside them. Then they were so enamoured of their beauty that their desire for speech was immediately quickened and they began to ‘think of words' to speak and sing in. (HoME 11, p. 421)

Over time, however, the Eldar changed the language, adding to it words of their liking and softening it from its origins in Valarin speech. The Valar adopted this language in order to converse with the Eldar in Valinor.

The Noldor who fled to Middle-earth following the Darkening of Valinor spoke Quenya among themselves. However, when Elu Thingol of Doriath, who was the king of the Sindar (Elves of the Telerin line who remained in Beleriand instead of journeying to Valinor) learned about their slaying of the Teleri, he forbade the use of Quenya in his realm. The Sindar, however, had been slow to learn Quenya, while the Noldor at this time had fully mastered Sindarin. (The Silmarillion, chapter 15).

The Quenya used in Middle-earth of the Third Age (the time of the setting of The Lord of the Rings) had come to be a scholarly pursuit—something akin to Latin in our time (indeed, Tolkien occasionally refers to Quenya as "Elven-Latin"[3].) Quenya was used as a formal language and for writing; Sindarin was the vernacular of all Elves. However, the Noldor still remembered Quenya and valued it highly, which we can see in the way they treat Frodo's greeting elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo ("A star shines on the hour of our meeting"). Galadriel is perhaps the only major Elf character in Middle-earth during the events of The Lord of the Rings who learned Quenya as a cradle-tongue: she was born in Valinor, during the days of the Two Trees, she was also most likely the most powerful elf, as well as the oldest save Círdan, in middle earth at the time. Noldorin (Exilic) Quenya differed somewhat from Valinórean Quenya, because the language continued to evolve after exile and underwent some regularisation as it became a language of lore. There were also a few changes in pronunciation.

[edit] Non-fictional development

Tolkien, an enthusiastic philologist, wanted to create as beautiful a language as possible. This urge, in fact, was the motivation for his creation of Middle-earth. While the language developed, he needed speakers, history for the speakers and all real dynamics, like war and migration, to be able to make the artificial language complete, and of these thoughts Middle-earth was initiated.[4]

Tolkien was keen on legends and sagas, and studied foreign languages to be able to read them in their native language. Amongst others, he studied some Finnish to be able to read Kalevala, the Finnish national epic.

Outside the fiction, the grammar of Quenya was influenced by Finnish, which is an agglutinative language; grammatical inspiration also came from Latin and Greek. The phonology was also based on Finnish and, to a lesser extent, Latin, Italian and Spanish. Some interesting phonological rules are that no consonant cluster can begin or end a syllable (with one exception, the dual dative ending -nt); voiced stops must be preceded by sonorants; and a word may not end in a non-coronal consonant.

The most striking feature of Quenya is that it is a highly agglutinative language, meaning that multiple affixes are often added to words to express grammatical functions. It is possible for one Quenya word to have the same meaning as an entire English sentence. For example, one can say "I have found it" in Quenya in a single word, utúvienyes (= utúvie- "have found" + -nye "I" + -s "it").

The journals Vinyar Tengwar and Parma Eldalamberon are devoted to editing and publishing Tolkien's linguistic papers.

Quenya is one of many constructed languages introduced over the years by science fiction and fantasy writers, some others being Klingon, Newspeak, Nadsat, the Ascian language and Lapine.

In Tolkien's early writings (see: The History of Middle-earth), this language was called Qenya (although pronounced the same as Quenya). It underwent countless revisions in both grammar and vocabulary before it reached the form found in The Lord of the Rings and again went through changes before the completion of The Silmarillion. The term Qenya is now used to distinguish between old Qenya and the new Quenya. However, the fluid nature of Quenya (or Qenya, for that matter) makes such a distinction a highly disputed one.

Quenya used by fans for post-Tolkien composition of poems and texts, phrases and names, is usually nicknamed neo-Quenya, or Quenya Vinyacarmë (Q. for "neologism") by scholars. Since Tolkien's own ideas were rather fluid, any attempt to actually use the language must involve a number of "editing decisions" by the post-Tolkien author. See Neo-Eldarin.

Quenya was made more popular in 2001, when the first instalment of The Lord of the Rings film trilogy was released in theaters.

[edit] Phonology

[edit] Vowels

Quenya has 10 basic vowels arranged in pairs of short and long.

Front Central Back
long short long short long short
Close iː ɪ uː u
Mid eː ɛ oː ɔ
Open ɑː a

Tolkien cited that long é, ó, when correctly pronounced, were "tenser and 'closer' " than their short counterparts, thus approaching [i] and [u] respectively. Eldarin was known to have lacked [ɔ], though Valarin and early stages of Sindarin were cited to have possessed it.

[edit] Diphthongs

Offglide
Front Back
i iu
e eu
a ai au
o oi
u ui

All of the diphthongs were originally falling diphthongs, but by the Third Age /iu/ had become a rising diphthong [i̯u] similar to the beginning of English yule [juːɫ].

[edit] Consonants

All consonants are written according to their values in IPA, unless otherwise noted.

  Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m   n nʷ3 ɲ5 ŋ8 ŋʷ13  
Plosive p  b   t  d   c4 k9 g kʷ12  
Fricative f  v1 θ  ð2 s   ç7 x10   h
Trill     r          
Approximant lateral     l   ʎ6   ʍ14  w  
central         j11      
  1. written <f>
  2. written <th> and <dh> respectively
  3. written <nw>
  4. written <ty>
  5. written <ny>
  6. written <ly>
  7. written <h> or <hy>
  8. written <ng> or <ñ>
  9. written <c>
  10. written <h>
  11. written <y>
  12. written <qu>
  13. written <ngw> or <ñw>
  14. written <hw>

/f/ is voiced to [v] when final or before /n/.

/h/ was originally [x] in all positions, but later debuccalized to [h] when in initial position. It retains the pronunciation [x] intervocalically, as in aha [axa] ('rage'), and between the back vowels /a, o, u/ and /t/, as in ohtar [oxtar] ('warrior'). Between the front vowels /e, i/ and /t/, /h/ is palatalized to [ç], as in nehta [neçta] ('spearhead').

The pronunciation of hy, originally written as a single letter, weakened to [h] by the Third Age, and so the sequence /h/ /j/ was then used to express [ç].

Tolkien vacillated between ng and ñ in writing Quenya's velar nasal, but is said to have favored the latter in late writings up until his death. By the Third Age, the pronunciation of initial [ŋ] had advanced to [n].

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Nouns

Nouns are declined for (up to) ten cases (some of which are short variants of uncertain significance). These include the four primary cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and instrumental; the three adverbial cases: allative (of which the dative is a shortened form), locative (also with a shortened form, of uncertain significance), and ablative; and an adjectival case.

Primary cases:

  • The nominative is used mainly to mark the subject of a verb. In Spoken Quenya it also functions as the accusative (see below). It is also used with some prepositions.
  • The accusative marks the direct object of a verb. It is not used in Spoken Quenya, having merged with the nominative, but appears as a distinct case in "Classical" or Book Quenya.
  • The genitive is mainly used to mark origin (e.g. the best painters of France). Its usage sometimes overlaps the ablative, sometimes the adjectival/possessive.
  • The instrumental marks a noun as a means or instrument.

Adverbial cases:

  • The allative expresses motion towards the noun.
  • The dative marks the indirect object of a verb.
  • The locative expresses location or position at the noun.
  • The ablative expresses motion away from the noun.

Adjectival case:

  • The adjectival case describes qualities. It is also used to indicate possession or ownership by the noun. This usage sometimes overlaps with the genitive.

There are four numbers: the singular, general plural, partitive plural, and dual.

[edit] Noun declension

The declension of the noun in Late Quenya is found in the so-called "Plotz Declension" that Tolkien provided in a letter to Dick Plotz in 1967.[5] This gives the "Classical" or Book Quenya declension of (only) the two vocalic-stem nouns cirya "ship" and lassë "leaf", in four numbers: singular, pl. 1, pl. 2, and dual. The forms of pl. 1 appear to correspond to the general plural, and those of pl. 2 to the partitive plural of Late Quenya. The declension has eight chief cases in three groups that Tolkien labelled a, b, and c. Of these cases, Tolkien named only a) the primary cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and instrumental; and b) the adverbial cases: allative, locative, and ablative. The allative and locative in turn have (unnamed) short forms (except in the loc. dual), of which the short allative form appears to correspond to the dative case of Late Quenya. The third group, c, has only one member (and only in the sg. and in pl. 2), which appears to correspond to the adjectival case as described in the c. 1960 essay "Quendi and Eldar".

The declension of nouns as given below has been modified from the form given in the Plotz Declension to reflect the forms of Spoken Quenya (in accordance with Tolkien's own description of the differences between "Classical" or Book Quenya and Spoken Quenya that accompanies the Plotz Declension). The declensions of meldo "friend", elen "star", and nat "thing" given here are conjectural examples of the declension of other stem types.

Singular cirya lassë meldo elen nat
Nominative cirya lassë meldo elen nat
Accusative cirya lassë meldo elen nat
Genitive ciryo lassëo meldo eleno nato
Instrumental ciryanen lassenen meldonen elennen natenen
Allative ciryanna lassenna meldonna elenenna natenna
Dative ciryan lassen meldon elenen naten
Locative ciryassë lassessë meldossë elenessë natessë
Short Locative ciryas lasses meldos elenes nates
Ablative ciryallo lassello meldollo elenello natello
Adjectival ciryava lasseva meldova elenwa nateva
Plural cirya lassë meldo elen nat
Nominative ciryar lassi meldor eleni nati
Accusative ciryar lassi meldor eleni nati
Genitive ciryaron lassion meldoron elenion nation
Instrumental ciryainen lassínen meldoinen eleninen natinen
Allative ciryannar lassennar meldonnar eleninnar natinnar
Dative ciryain lassin meldoin elenin natin
Locative ciryassen lassessen meldossen elenissen natissen
Short Locative ciryais lassis meldois elenis natis
Ablative ciryallon lassellon meldollon elenillon natillon
Partitive plural cirya lassë meldo elen nat
Nominative ciryali lasseli meldoli eleneli nateli
Accusative ciryali lasseli meldoli eleneli nateli
Genitive ciryalion lasselion meldolion elenelion natelion
Instrumental ciryalínen lasselínen meldolínen elenelínen natelínen
Allative ciryalinna(r) lasselinna(r) meldolinna(r) elenelinna(r) natelinna(r)
Dative ciryalin lasselin meldolin elenelin natelin
Locative ciryalisse(n) lasselisse(n) meldolisse(n) elenelisse(n) natelisse(n)
Short Locative ciryalis lasselis meldolis elenelis natelis
Ablative ciryalillo(n) lasselillo(n) meldolillo elenelillo natelillo
Adjectival ciryalíva lasselíva meldolíva elenelíva natelíva
Dual cirya lassë meldo elen nat
Nominative ciryat lasset meldu elenet natu
Accusative ciryat lasset meldu elenet natu
Genitive ciryato lasseto melduo eleneto natuo
Instrumental ciryanten lassenten meldunen elenenten natunen
Allative ciryanta lassenta meldunna elenenta natunna
Dative ciryant lassent meldun elenent natun
Locative ciryatsë lassetsë meldussë elenetsë natussë
Ablative ciryalto lasselto meldullo elenelto natullo

[edit] Verbs

There are two main types of verbs: basic (or primary) verbs, those which are formed from the basic verbal base, such as tirë (tiri-) "to watch" from stem tir-, and derivative (or A-stem) verbs, whose stems end in -a and are formed either by putting verbal suffixes to a base like tulta- "summon", from *TUL "come", or derived from non-verbal bases like kúna- "bend", originally an adjective "bent".

These conjugations were not written by Tolkien, but represent one possible reconstruction using information derived and inferred from a number of sources of various periods. These forms will be relatively uncontroversial among researchers:

Derivative verbs Basic verbs
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Infinitive tulta tirë
Aorist/Simple present tulta tultar tirë (tiri-) tirir
Present continuative tultëa tultëar tíra tírar
Past tultanë tultaner tirnë tirner
Future tultuva tultuvar tiruva tiruvar
Perfect utultië utultiër itírië itíriër

[edit] Pronouns

Pronouns are seen as both independent words, and enclitics which resemble synthetic verb endings. The rules for this are not completely understood, although evidence suggests that independent forms are more emphatic in nature, while enclitics are the forms in use normally. The effect of having both pseudo-synthetic (with enclitics) and analytic (with independent pronoun) verbs gives Quenya a system strongly resembling that of Irish Gaelic (see Irish verbs). What is known is that for intransitive verbs, the pronoun can appear as either an independent word or an enclitic, with the enclitic form often coming in two different forms, long and short. In the third person, the short form is used for direct objects rather than subjects.

As with all parts of Quenya grammar, the pronominal system was subject to constant revision throughout Tolkien's life. The following table is adapted primarily from two sources of c. 1968–69,[6] and does not reflect the pronominal system as it stood before that time. Unattested forms are omitted, but *-inca and *-inqua are plausible possessive forms of -ince and -inque, respectively.

Form Long form Short Form Independent Possessive
1st pers. sg. -nye -n ní -(i)nya
2nd pers. sg. intimate/familiar -tye -- tyé -tya
2nd pers. sg. formal/polite -lye -l lyé -lya
3rd pers. sg. -se (rarely) -s sé/sá (neuter) -rya
Impers. sg. -- -- -- -ya
1st pers. pl. incl. -lve/-lwe -- vé (< wé) -lva/-lwa
1st pers. pl. excl. -lme -- mé -lma
2nd pers. pl. -lde -- lé -lda
3rd pers. pl. -lte/-nte -- té -lta/-ntya
Impers. pl. -r -- -- -rya
1st pers. dual incl. -ngwe/-ince/-inque -- wet -ngwa
1st pers. dual excl. -mme -- met -mma
2nd pers. dual -ste -- tyet/let -sta
3rd pers. dual -ste/-tte -t tú (pers. and neuter) -sta
Impers. dual -t -- -- -twa

[edit] Corpus

The poem Namárië is the longest piece (80 words) of Quenya found in the The Lord of the Rings, which has several further Quenya fragments, such as Elendil's words upon reaching Middle-earth (Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinome maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!) or Treebeard's greeting to Celeborn and Galadriel (A vanimar, vanimálion nostari). Other Quenya texts published by Tolkien during his lifetime include Oilima Markirya ("The Last Ark"), Nieninque, and Earendel contained in the lecture A Secret Vice (re-published in 1982 in The Monsters and the Critics). A fragment of the poem Narqelion was published by Humphrey Carpenter in his Biography. Oilima Markirya with 90 words is the longest known Quenya text.

Other Quenya texts by Tolkien were edited posthumously:[7]

  • The "Oath of Cirion", Unfinished Tales, pp. 305, 317.
  • Early Qenya Fragments, edited Wynne and Gilson, PE 14 (2003)
  • "Sí Qente Feanor and Other Elvish Writings", ed. Smith, Gilson, Wynne, and Welden, PE 15 (2004)
  • The "Koivienéni" sentence, VT 14 (1991)
  • The "Two Trees" sentence, VT 27 (1993).
  • Fíriel's Song, LR p. 72 and "Alboin Errol's Fragments", LR p. 47.
  • Various versions of the "Ambidexters Sentence" composed c. 1968–1969, VT 49 (2007).

[edit] See also

For a list of words relating to in Quenya, see the Quenya language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

[edit] References

  1. ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings Appendix F p. 1101.
  2. ^ This is in striking parallel to the "Sun Language Theory" of Turkish nationalism, which posits that the first word was Aa "Sun", coined in the same fashion.
  3. ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings Appendix F p. 1101.
  4. ^ Tolkien, J.R.R The Lord of the Rings "Foreword to the Second Edition" p. xv
  5. ^ First published in [[Beyond Bree]], March 1989, edited by Nancy Martsch.
  6. ^ "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals and Related Writings", edited by Patrick H. Wynne; and "Quenya Pronominal Elements", edited by Carl F. Hostetter; both in Vinyar Tengwar 49 (2007).
  7. ^ see also Douglas A. Anderson, Carl F. Hostetter: A Checklist, Tolkien Studies 4 (2007).

[edit] Further reading

  • Appleyard, Anthony. "Quenya Grammar Re-Examined." Quettar 43 (1992): 3–21.
  • Derzhanski, Ivan A. "E man i yulma oi enquanta men?" Vinyar Tengwar 38 (1997): 14–18.
  • Foster, Robert and Glen GoodKnight. "Sindarin and Quenya Phonology." In Mythcon I: Proceedings, 54–56. Los Angeles: Mythopoeic Society, 1971.
  • Gilson, Christopher and Carl F. Hostetter. "The entu, ensi, enta Declension: A Preliminary Analysis." Vinyar Tengwar 36 (1994): 7–29.
  • Gilson, Christopher and Patrick Wynne. "The Elves at Koivienéni: A New Quenya Sentence." Mythlore 17, no. 3 [iss. 65] (1991): 23–30.
  • Hostetter, Carl F. ""Si man i-yulmar n(g)win enquatuva": A Newly-Discovered Tengwar Inscription." Vinyar Tengwar 21 (1992): 6–10.
  • Hostetter, Carl F. "Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon." In J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment, ed. Michael D.C. Drout, 551–52. New York: Routledge, 2007.
  • Hostetter, Carl F. and Patrick Wynne. ""Attolma": The Lord's Prayer in Quenya." Vinyar Tengwar 32 (1993): 6–9.
  • Loback, Tom. "To -E or -NE? On the Quenya Past Tense." Parma Eldalamberon 9 (1990): 2–4.
  • MacKay, Michael. "On the perfective aspect in Quenya." Quettar 42 (1992): 9–11.
  • Rautala, Helena and K. J. Battarbee. "Familiarity and Distance: Quenya's Relation to Finnish." In Scholarship & Fantasy, 21–31. Turku, Finland: University of Turku, 1992.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "The Bodleian Declensions." Edited by Christopher Gilson, Patrick Wynne, and Carl F. Hostetter. Vinyar Tengwar 28 (1993): 9–34.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya (Part One)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne, Carl F. Hostetter, and Arden R. Smith. Vinyar Tengwar 43 (2002): 5–38.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya (Part Two)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne, Carl F. Hostetter, and Arden R. Smith. Vinyar Tengwar 44 (2002): 5–20.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Alcar mi Tarmenel na Erun: the Gloria in excelsis Deo in Quenya." Edited by Arden R. Smith. Vinyar Tengwar 44 (2002): 31–37.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D." Edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Vinyar Tengwar 39 (1998): 4–20.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Notes on Óre." Edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Vinyar Tengwar 41 (2000): 11–19.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Early Qenya Grammar." Edited by Carl F. Hostetter and Bill Welden. Parma Eldalamberon 14 (2003): 35–86.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part One)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. Vinyar Tengwar 47 (2005): 3–43.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part Two)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. Vinyar Tengwar 48 (2005): 4–34.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part Three)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. Vinyar Tengwar 49 (2007): 3–37.
  • Tolkien, J.R.R. "Five Late Quenya Volitive Inscriptions." Edited by Carl F. Hostetter. Vinyar Tengwar 49 (2007): 38–58.
  • Welden, Bill. "Negation in Quenya." Vinyar Tengwar 42 (2001): 32-34.
  • Wynne, Patrick H. and Christopher Gilson. "Trees of Silver and of Gold: A Guide to the Koiveinéni Manuscript." Vinyar Tengwar 27 (1993): 7–42.

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