Queen-in-Council
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The Queen-in-Council (or King-in-Council) is the technical term that refers to the exercise of executive authority in each of the Commonwealth realms. It means quite literally: the Queen advised by her Privy or Executive Council. In practice, the Queen-in-Council acts upon the advice of a government minister, making the Queen-in-Council's actions subject to judicial review.[1]
The body which forms the council differs between each of Commonwealth realms, although in each case the cabinet forms the executive committee of that council. In Canada, the Cabinet of Canada is the Executive Committee of the Queen's Privy Council, hence the requirement that all members of the Cabinet be members of the Privy Council (and styled the Honourable). Similarly, the Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the Executive Committee of the Privy Council (members are styled The Right Honourable). Australia and New Zealand do not have privy councils and so the executive body in these realms is the Federal Executive Council and the Executive Council of New Zealand of which Cabinet form committees.
Executive orders of the Queen-in-Council are known as Orders-in-Council. Some forms of legislative orders also are referred to using the same name.
In Commonwealth realms outside the United Kingdom, and some Crown Dependencies, the functions of the Queen-in-Council are delegated to the Governor, Governor-General, or Lieutenant-Governor, in which case the authority is called the Governor-in-Council.
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