Quechuan languages
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| Quechua | ||
|---|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: |
Western South America, mostly Andes mountains | |
| Genetic classification: |
American Quechua |
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| Subdivisions: | ||
| ISO 639-2: | que | |
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The Quechuan languages are a family of related languages in South America.
It has between two and 46 members, depending on how one counts languages and dialects. All of them can be called varieties of Quechua; the best-known variety is the dialect of Cusco, an early variety of which was the official language of the Inca Empire.
Quechuan languages, especially that of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara, and the languages have often been grouped together as Quechumaran. This proposal is controversial, however; the shared vocabulary may be better explained as intensive borrowing due to long-term contact.
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[edit] Subdivisions
This macrolanguage is subdivided as follows, at least according to the traditional classification (though this is increasingly challenged):
- Quechua I or Quechua B or Central Quechua or Waywash, spoken in Peru's central highlands and coast.
- The most widely spoken varieties are Huaylas Ancash, Huaylla Wanca, Northern Conchucos Ancash, and Southern Conchucos Ancash.
- Quechua II or Quechua A or Peripheral Quechua or Wanp'una, divided into
- Yunkay Quechua or Quechua II A, spoken in the northern mountains of Peru; the most widely spoken dialect is Cajamarca.
- Northern Quechua or Quechua II B, spoken in Ecuador (Kichwa), northern Peru, and Colombia
- The most widely spoken varieties are Chimborazo Highland Quichua and Imbabura Highland Quichua.
- Southern Quechua or Quechua II C, spoken in Bolivia, southern Peru, Chile, and Argentina.
- The most widely spoken varieties are South Bolivian, Cuzco, Ayacucho, and Puno.
For a number of reasons, the homeland of the language family is believed to have been somewhere in Central Peru, and not, as has often been popularly assumed, the Cuzco area. The Incas only contributed to part of the expansion of Quechua (notably to Bolivia); most areas to the north of Cuzco already spoke their own forms of Quechua long before the Incas.
[edit] Samples
A sampling of words in several Quechuan dialects:
| Standardized Southern Quechua |
Ayacucho | Cuzco | Bolivia | Ecuador | Cajamarca | San Martin | Junin | Ancash | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'ten' | chunka | chunka | chunka | chunka | chunga | trunka | chunka | trunka | chunka |
| 'sweet' | misk'i | miski | misk'i | misk'i | mishki | mishki | mishki | mishki | mishki |
| 'he gives' | qun | qun | qun | qun | kun | qun | kun | un | qun |
| 'one' | huk | huk | hux | ux | shuk | suh | suk | huk | huk |
| 'white' | yuraq | yuraq | yuraq | yuraq | yurak | yuraq | yurak | yulaq | yuraq |
[edit] Further reading
- Halpern, et al. 2000. REVIEWS - Kar?Uk: Native Accounts of the Quechuan Mourning Ceremony. International Journal of American Linguistics. 66, no. 2: 278.
[edit] External links
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