Quad (figure skating)

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For other meanings of the word "Quad", see Quad.

A quad, or "quadruple", is a figure skating jump with four or more, but fewer than five, revolutions[1]. Most quadruples have exactly four revolutions, but one instance of a jump with more than four revolutions, but less than five, is the quadruple Axel. No skater has yet accomplished a quadruple Axel in competition.

The first quad jump landed during an official ISU competition was performed by Kurt Browning in 1988.[2]

Contents

[edit] History

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The following is a brief timeline of major events in the history of quadruple jumps in figure skating.

[edit] Men

  • 1978-79
  • 1983
  • 1984
    • Alexandr Fadeev (URS) attempts a quad toe at the Olympics, but it is not officially recognized by the ISU because of a flawed landing.[5]
  • 1986
    • Jozef Sabovcik (CZE) attempts a quad toe at the European Championships, but attempt is ruled invalid because of touchdown with free foot.[6][7]
  • 1987
  • 1988
    • Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first quadruple jump (the first quadruple toe loop) at the World Championships. [9][10]
    • Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe later in the same competition but cannot hold the landing and takes an extra step; ruled not valid.[11]
  • 1989
  • 1990
    • Alexei Urmanov (URS) becomes the first Russian skater to land a quad (quad toe loop) in competition, at the Soviet championships in December.
  • 1991
    • Michael Chack (USA) attempts a one-foot axel/quad salchow combination at the U.S. Nationals; quad landing is two-footed.
    • Alexei Urmanov lands a quadruple toe loop at the European Championships in January.
    • Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad in combination, the first quadruple toe loop-double toe loop combination, at the World Championships.
  • 1992
    • Petr Barna (CZE) lands the first quad (toe loop) in Olympic competition but touch down with free foot.[14]
  • 1994
    • Min Zhang (CHN) lands a quad toe cleanly at the Winter Olympics, Lillehammer.
  • 1995
    • Michael Weiss (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
    • Francis Gastellu (FRA) lands a quad toe at the French Nationals.[15]
  • 1996
    • Guo Zhengxin (CHN) landed a quad-toe-double toe at the World Championships.[16]
  • 1997
    • Michael Weiss (USA) two-foots a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
    • Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final.
    • A total of three quads are landed by three different skaters at this competition: Ilya Kulik (RUS), Alexei Urmanov (RUS) and Elvis Stojko (CAN).
    • Zhengxin Guo (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance.
    • Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships.
    • Anthony Liu (AUS) becomes the first Australian to land a quad at his country's national championships in July (quad toe loop).
    • 17-year-old Tim Goebel (USA) attempts quads throughout the fall season at the Junior Champions series, and attempts a quad salchow at the Ukrainian Souvenir competition (where five other men planned quads). The attempt is ruled a two-footed landing.
  • 1998
    • Michael Weiss (USA) attempts a quad lutz in both his U.S. Nationals free skate (two-footed) and in his Olympic free skate (fall).
    • Todd Eldredge (USA) falls on a quad toe attempt at the U.S. Nationals.
    • Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple salchow and the first quad salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is not ratified by the ISU for nearly a month.[17]
    • Ilya Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program.
    • The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in June.
    • Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad salchow at the Goodwill Games in July.
    • Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly.
    • Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt.
  • 1999
    • Min Zhang (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.[18]
    • Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at Skate America in October.
    • Evgeny Plushenko (RUS) performs a quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy.
    • Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships. [19]
  • 2000
    • Alexei Yagudin (RUS) lands two quadruple jumps in his long program, including one in combination[20]
  • 2001
    • Evgeny Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-double-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop-double loop) at the World Championships.
  • 2002
    • Evgeny Plushenko (RUS) lands a quad-triple-triple (quadruple toe-triple toe-triple loop) combination in competition at the Cup of Russia.
    • Min Zhang (CHN) is the first to land three quadruple jumps in the long program at the Olympic Games.[21]
  • 2008
    • Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts and lands a quad-triple-triple in the Canadian Championships (at the age of 17), being the second one to do so.

Fome here on out, the ability to land quadruple jumps has become common among World and Olympic level skaters, to the point that not having one in a program is considered a handicap.[22]

[edit] Ladies

  • 1989
    • Surya Bonaly (FRA) attempts a quad toe loop at the European Championships; first quad attempt by a lady in a major competition. She also falls on a quad salchow attempt.
  • 1991
    • Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad attempt at the World Championships.
  • 1992
    • Surya Bonaly (FRA) lands an underrotated quad toe at the Olympics and later repeats this at the World Championships.[23]
  • 2001
    • Sasha Cohen (USA) lands a quad salchow in warmup and practice at Skate America, but her attemps in her long program ends up aborted.[24][25]
  • 2002
    • Miki Ando (JPN) becomes the first lady to land a quadruple (a salchow) at the Junior Grand Prix Final.[26][27]

[edit] Pairs

[edit] References

  1. ^ International Olympic Committee - Sports
  2. ^ "A Quadruple Jump on Ice", The New York Times, 1988-03-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. 
  3. ^ Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Robert Wagenhoffer
  4. ^ AP. "Cockerell Captures Skating", The New York Times, 6/27/2003. 
  5. ^ Smith. "Figure Skating: A Celebration"
  6. ^ Smith. "Figure Skating: A Celebration"
  7. ^ "Kurt Browning FAQ". 
  8. ^ "Boitano Isn't Upset By Loss Of His Title", The New York Times, 3/14/1987. 
  9. ^ "A Quadruple Jump on Ice", The New York Times, 1988-03-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. 
  10. ^ "Kurt Browning FAQ". 
  11. ^ "A Quadruple Jump on Ice", The New York Times, 1988-03-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. 
  12. ^ "Kurt Browning FAQ". 
  13. ^ Beverley Smith. "Artistic Success", Globe and Mail, 1998-04-21. 
  14. ^ Michael Janofsky. "Petrenko Gets a Gold, Wylie a Silver Surprise", The New York Times, 1992-02-16. 
  15. ^ L'Equipe. 12/1994
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 4/1/1998
  18. ^ Crystal Report Viewer
  19. ^ Interview with Figure Skater Michael Weiss - Figure Skating News
  20. ^ "Quad jumps bring Yagudin third title", The Independent, London, 3/21/2000. 
  21. ^ bbc sports winter olympics 2002
  22. ^ Meri-Jo Borzilleri. "Not taking same path as others", Gazette, The (Colorado Springs), 3/25/2003. 
  23. ^ "Fire of an ice queen". 
  24. ^ Amy Rosewater. "Cohen Continues Her Comeback", The New York Times, 2001-12-26. 
  25. ^ YouTube - Sasha Cohen - 2001 Skate America, "Carmen"
  26. ^ YouTube - Broadcast Yourself
  27. ^ Absolute Skating
  28. ^ pairs skating - Information from Reference.com
  29. ^ Sergei Grinkov: Information and Much More from Answers.com
  30. ^ YouTube - 1987 worlds pairs: long program
  31. ^ icenetwork.com: Skaters
  32. ^ YouTube - Zhang/Zhang Quad twists in pairs firgure skating
  33. ^ YouTube - Shen and Zhao 2002 Olympics Long program
  34. ^ Quadruple Throw Salchow - Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent Land the First Quad Throw Salchow
  35. ^ YouTube - Vise-Trent 2007 Trophée Bompard FP (first throw quad)