Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre
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The massacre at the Qissa Khawani Bazaar (the Storytellers Market) in Peshawar, British India (modern day Pakistan) on April 23, 1930 was a defining moment in the non-violent struggle to drive the British out of India. It was the first major confrontation between British troops and non-violent demonstrators in the then peaceful city—some estimates at the time put the death toll from the shooting at nearly 400 dead.[1] The gunning down of unarmed people triggered protests across the subcontinent and catapulted the newly formed Khudai Khidmatgar movement onto the National scene.[2]
The Khudai Khidmatgar (literally Servants of God), led by Ghaffar Khan, were a group of Pashtuns committed to the removal of British rule through non-violent methods. On April 23, 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested after giving a speech in Utmanzai urging resistance to the British occupation. Ghaffar Khan's reputation for uncompromising integrity and commitment to non-violence inspired most of the local townspeople to take the oath of membership and join the Khudai Khidmatgar in protest.[3]
After other Khudai Khidmatgar leaders were arrested, a large crowd of the group gathered at the Qissa Khwani bazaar. As British troops moved into the bazaar, the crowd was loud, though completely non-violent. British armored cars drove into the square at high speed, killing several people. The crowd continued their commitment to non-violence, offering to disperse if they could gather their dead and injured, and if British troops left the square. The British troops refused to leave, so the protesters remained with the dead and injured.[3] At that point, the British ordered troops to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd.[4]. The Khudai Khidmatgar members willingly faced bullets, responding without violence. Instead, many members repeated 'God is Great' and clutched the Qur'an as they went to their death.[3]
The exact number of deaths remains controversial—several hundred were killed, with many more wounded. One British Indian Army regiment, troops of the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles, refused to fire at the crowds. A British civil servant wrote later that "hardly any regiment of the Indian Army won greater glory in the Great War (World War I) than the Garhwal Rifles, and the defection of part of the regiment sent shock waves through India, of apprehension to some, of exultation to others."[3] The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy penalties, including life imprisonment.[4]
The troops continued hunting the Peshawarites indiscriminately for six hours. Gene Sharp, who has written a study of nonviolent resistance, describes the scene on that day:
When those in front fell down wounded by the shots, those behind came forward with their chests bared and exposed themselves to the fire, so much so that some people got as many as twenty-one bullet wounds in their bodies, and all the people stood their ground without getting into a panic. . . . The Anglo-Indian paper of Lahore, which represents the official view, itself wrote to the effect that the people came forward one after another to face the firing and when they fell wounded they were dragged back and others came forward to be shot at. This state of things continued from 11 till 5 o'clock in the evening. When the number of corpses became too many, the ambulance cars of the government took them away.
In Peshawar and the surrounding area, the Khudai Khidmatgar suffered some of the most extreme suffering of the Indian independence movement. Ghaffar Khan later wrote that this was because the British thought a non-violent Pashtun was more dangerous than a violent one. Because of this, the British did everything they could to provoke them into violence, with little effect.[3]
The British action against the local Pathan, Punjabi, and Indian population created unrest throughout the British Colony of India. This resulted in King George VI (Emperor of India) launching a legal investigation into this matter. The British Commission bought the case forward to Chief Justice Naimatullah Chaudhry, a distinguished Judge of the Lucknow protectorate.
Historical records of Peshawar Archives indicate that like many previous incidents, the British Government decided to mask the Qissa Khawani Bazaar Massacre by bribing the Judge. In addition, King George VI also passed a resolution to Knight Naimatullah Chaudhry with the title of "Sir" and "Lord" to gain his favour. In return it was expected that Naimatullah would issue a report supporting the British Troops. However, Naimatullah turned down the offers and he personally surveyed the area of massacre and published a 200-page report criticizing the British on their heinous act and passed a resolution in favour of the local people of Peshawar and N.W.F.P Area. The decision of the judge was hailed by the local populace upon the basis that truth and honesty had prevailed. The actions of the Naimatullah Chaudhry against King George IV made the British Raj rethink its extremist practices towards the end times of their rule in the Sub-Continent. The account of this incident can be found in the Lucknow High Court and Supreme Court archives. For further study, the archives are also found in Karachi High Court and many other Indian and Pakistani Court archives.
[edit] Notes
This unfortunate incident took place on the 23rd of April 1930,On the same evening a close companian of bacha khan in peshawar,naming Ashiq baqal friut merchat of qissa khwani bazar gathered many other followers of khudai khidmatgar movement,right at the spot where this barberanionism started and the first person was martyred.He with his fellows offered prayer for the martyrs and laid a foundation of a meromrial as tribute to the brave men of peshawar,they lighted candles all over the place to show their love for the martrys, who preferred getting bullets on their chests rather than bowing their heads infront of the British rule.Although he and his fellows were arrested on the same night and the memorial was destroyed by the British forces,but the blood of the innocent people could not be turned in to white and washed.So the mermorial was again built and still remains on the same place as before.Every year on the 23rd of April citizens of peshawar,officials,leaders,workers of political parties,social acttivists, humen rights workers,labour unions and almost, personall of every field of life come and visit these memorials (note please)The founder of the "khudai khidmatgar movement" was 'Ghaffar khan' and he is also known by the name of 'bacha khan'
[edit] References
- Habib, Irfan (Sep. – Oct. 1997). "Civil Disobedience 1930-31". Social Scientist 25 (9–10): pp. 43–66. doi:.
- Popalzai, Dr Abdul Jalil (24 Apr 2004). The Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre. Last accessed on 26 February 2006
- Johansen, Robert C. (1997). "Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns". Journal of Peace Research 34 (1): pp. 53–71. doi:.
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