Qibya massacre
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The Qibya Massacre was carried out in October 1953 by Israeli troops in the West Bank village of that name. The village name is sometimes spelt Kibya. The massacre was referred to by the Israel Defense Force, or IDF, as Operation Shoshana or the Qibya Operation.
The assault on Qibya was carried out at night by two Israeli units: a paratroop company and Unit 101, a special forces unit of the IDF. During the raid 69 Palestinians were killed. Additionally, forty-five houses, a school, and a mosque were blown-up. The act was condemned by the US State Department, the UN Security Council, and by Jewish communities worldwide.[1] As a result, aid was temporarily suspended to Israel.
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[edit] Events leading up to the attack
The attack took place in the context of border clashes between Israel and neighbouring states, which had begun almost immediately after the signing of the armistice in 1949. On the Israeli-Jordian border lines, infiltrations, armed or otherwise, were not infrequent from both sides. Many infiltrations from Jordanian territory consisted of unarmed refugees from the Nakba attempting to rejoin their families,[2] and of smugglers trying to bring in contraband for Israeli markets, though armed marauding also was not uncommon. Half of Jordan's prison population at the time consisted of people arrested for attempting to return to, or illegally enter, Israeli-held territory, but the number of complaints filed by Israel over infiltrations from Jordan show a considerable reduction, from 233 in the first nine months of 1952, to 172 for the same period in 1953, immediately prior to the massacre. This marked reduction was in good part the result of increased Jordanian efficiency in patrolling its borders.[3]. According to some Israeli sources, between June 1949 and the end of 1952, a total of 57 Israelis, mostly civilians, were killed by infiltrators from Jordan. The Israeli death toll for the first 9 months of 1953 was 32.[4]. Over roughly the same time (November 1950-November 1953), the Mixed Armistice Commission condemned Israeli military infiltrations and aggressions 44 times.[5]. For the same period, 1949-1953, Jordan maintained that it alone suffered 629 killed and injured from Israeli incursions and cross-border bombings.[6]. UN sources for the period, based on the documentation at General Bennike's disposal (prepared by Commander E H Hutchison USNR)[7], lower both estimates[8]
Over the year leading up to the raid, Israeli armed forces and civilians had conducted many punitive expeditions, causing much destruction of infrastructure and crops and many civilian casualties, against numerous Jordanian villages, Latrun, Falameh, Rantis, Qalqiliya, Khirbet al-Deir, Khirbet Rasm Nofal, Khirbet Beit Emin, Qatanna, Wadi Fukin, Idhna, and Surif being the most notable examples.[9]. Over a two week period in late May and early June, four successive incursions by Jordanians caused 9 casualties in Israel, at Beit Arif, Beit Nabala, Tirat Yehuda and Kfar Hess.[10] which greatly concerned both governments. The specific incident which the Israeli government used to justify the assault on Qibya occurred on October 12, 1953, when a Jewish mother, Suzanne Kinyas, and her two children were killed by a grenade thrown into their house in the Israeli town of Yehud, some 10 kilometers inside Israel's border. The attack initially drew a sharp rebuke to Jordan from the Mixed Armistice Commission.[11]. The Israeli government immediately claimed that the murders were perpetrated by Jordanian infiltrators, a charge queried by Jordanian officials, who were sceptical, and who offered to collaborate with Israel in order to apprehend the guilty parties, whoever and wherever they were. Moshe Sharett said later that "the Commander of the Jordan Legion, Glubb Pasha, had asked for police bloodhounds to cross over from Israel to track down the Yahud attackers" [12]. On the other hand, some weeks later, while assisting a United Nations and Jordanian team following the tracks of the person(s) who blew up on November 1 a water-line in Jordanian territory supplying the Arab quarter of Jerusalem, tracks that lead to the Scopus fence, the Israeli inspector delegated to the team denied them permission to enter the Jewish area around Mount Scopus and prosecute their investigation[13].For the first time, Israel accepted Jordan's offer of assistance and the tracks of the perpetrator were traced to a point 1400m over the border, to a road near Rantis, but dried up there. The United Nations observer team's investigation failed to find any evidence indicating who committed the crime, and the Jordanian delegate to the Mixed Commission condemned the act in strong language on October the 14th.[14][15] The Chief of Staff of the Arab Legion in Amman flew to Jerusalem to ask that no retaliatory actions take place that might compromise Jordanian investigations underway on their side of the border[16].
According to the former Time correspondent to Jerusalem, Donald Neff, the decisive calculation was as follows:
'Force had to be used to demonstrate to the Arabs that Israel was in the Middle East to stay, Ben Gurion believed, and to that end he felt strongly that his retaliatory policy had to be continued.[17]
.Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon gave the order, in coordination with Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. The Israeli elected governing cabinet was not informed, and though Foreign Affairs Minister Moshe Sharett was privy to prior deliberations on whether or not such a punitive raid ought to be conducted, he expressed strong disapproval of the proposal, and was deeply shocked when informed of the outcome.[18]
[edit] The attack
According to the Mixed Armistice Commission report, approved on the afternoon immediately following the operation, and delivered by Major General Vagn Bennike to the UN Security Council, the raid at Qibya took place on the evening of October 14, 1953 at around 9.30 pm, and was taken by roughly half a battalion strength of soldiers from the Israeli regular army. It began with a mortar barrage on the village until Israeli troops reached the outskirts of the village, where Bangalore torpedoes were employed to breach defences. Landmines were laid out on roads to prevent Jordanian troops from joining the fight. At the same time at least 25 mortar shells were fired into the neighbouring village of Budrus. In the assault, simultaneously from three sides, forty one dwellings were blown up, plus the village school. 42 villagers were killed, and 15 wounded. The UN observers noted that:-
'Bullet-riddled bodies near the doorways and multiple bullet hits on the doors of the demolished houses indicated that the inhabitants had been forced to remain inside until their homes were blown up over them.[19]
At dawn the operation was considered complete and the Israeli troops returned home. [20]
However Ariel Sharon, who led the attack, later wrote in his diary that he had received orders to inflict heavy damage on the Arab Legion forces in Qibya: 'The orders were utterly clear: Qibya was to be an example for everyone'. Sharon said that he had thought the houses were empty and that the unit had checked all houses before detonating the explosives. In his autobiography Warrior (1987) he wrote:
"I couldn't believe my ears. As I went back over each step of the operation, I began to understand what must have happened. For years Israeli reprisal raids had never succeeded in doing more than blowing up a few outlying buildings, if that. Expecting the same, some Arab families must have stayed in their houses rather than running away. In those big stone houses […] some could easily have hidden in the cellars and back rooms, keeping quiet when the paratroopers went in to check and yell out a warning. The result was this tragedy that had happened."
Despite these later claims, original documents of the time showed that Sharon personally ordered his troops to achieve maximal killing and damage to property. Post-operational reports speak of breaking into houses and clearing them with grenades and shooting.[21]
[edit] International Reaction
The attack was universally condemned. On October 18, 1953, the U.S. State Department issued a bulletin expressing its "deepest sympathy for the families of those who lost their lives" in Qibya as well as the conviction that those responsible "should be brought to account and that effective measures should be taken to prevent such incidents in the future."[22] The United States temporarily suspended economic aid to Israel.
On November 24 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 101 and expressed the "strongest possible censure of this action"
An emergency meeting of the Mixed Armistice Commission was held in the afternoon of 15 October and a resolution condemning the regular Israel army for its attack on Qibya, as a breach of article III, paragraph 2,62/ of the Israel-Jordan General Armistice Agreement was adopted by a majority vote.[23]
[edit] Israeli Reaction
The international outcry caused by the operation required a formal reply by Israel. Intense discussions took place, and Moshe Sharett summed up, in his diary on the 16th. of October, the opinion that:-
'Now the army wants to know how we (the Foreign Ministry) are going to explain the issue. In a joint meeting of army and foreign ministry officials Shmuel Bendor suggested that we say that the army had no part in the operation, but that the inhabitants of the border villages, infuriated by previous incidents and seeking revenge, operated on their own. Such a version will make us appear ridiculous: any child would say that this was a military operation. (16 October 1953)'[24]
Notwithstanding Sharett's advice that broadcasting this version would make Israel appear patently ‘’ridiculous’’, on October 19, Ben-Gurion publicly asserted that the raid had been carried out by Israeli civilians.
'None deplores it more than the Government of Israel, if ... innocent blood was spilled ... The Government of Israel rejects with all vigor the absurd and fantastic allegation that 600 men of the IDF took part in the action ... We have carried out a searching investigation and it is clear beyond doubt that not a single army unit was absent from its base on the night of the attack on Qibya.' (Statement by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, ISA FM 2435/5)
On Israeli Radio that same day, he addressed the nation in the following terms:-
' . .The [Jewish] border settlers in Israel, mostly refugees, people from Arab countries and survivors from the Nazi concentration camps, have, for years, been the target of(. . .)murderous attacks and had shown a great restraint. Rightfully, they have demanded that their government protect their lives and the Israeli government gave them weapons and trained them to protect themselves.
But the armed forces from Transjordan did not stop their criminal acts, until [the people in] some of the border settlements lost their patience and after the murder of a mother and her two children in Yahud, they attacked, last week, the village of Kibya across the border, that was one of the main centers of the murderers' gangs. Every one of us regrets and suffers when blood is shed anywhere and nobody regrets more than the Israeli government the fact that innocent people were killed in the retaliation act in Kibya. But all the responsibility rests with the government of Transjordan that for many years tolerated and thus encouraged attacks of murder and robbery by armed powers in its country against the citizens of Israel.'[25]
Uri Avnery, founder and editor of the magazine Haolam Hazeh, had both hands broken when he was ambushed for criticizing the massacre at Qibya in his newspaper.[26]
[edit] Results
Following the attack, the Arab Legion forces deployed on the border segment near Qibya to stop further infiltrations and deter further Israeli incursions. There was a brief overall reduction in incursions along the border.
After this incident, Israel restricted direct targeting of civilians. Despite the US request that those involved be brought to account, Sharon was not prosecuted and went on to become a Prime Minister of Israel. The independence of Unit 101 was cancelled but it continued to participate in cross-border attacks against military targets as a part of the 202nd Paratroop Brigade.[27]
[edit] See also
- Unit 101
- List of the UN resolutions concerning Israel
- Command responsibility
- A clearer & succinct analyses can be found on pages 90-93 of Avi Shlaim's "Iron Wall"
[edit] References
- ^ Avi Shlaim (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company, 91. ISBN 0393321126.Avi Shlaim writes: "The Qibya massacre unleashed against Israel a storm of international protest of unprecedented severity in the country's short history."
- ^ 'No one would deny that the Israel authorities would be justified, and are justified, in using strong measures to check (infiltration), in so far as damage to property or loss of life results. But not everyone who crosses the armistice demarcation line does so with criminal intent. Acts of violence are indeed committed, but as the volume of illegal crossings of the demarcation line is so considerable, if one is to judge from the available statistics, it seems probable that many crossings are carried out by persons - sometimes, I understand, even by children - with no criminal object in view.'England's ambassador to the UN = para.52 S/635/Rev.1 9 November 1953
- ^ S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953
- ^ Which Came First- Terrorism or Occupation - Major Arab Terrorist Attacks against Israelis Prior to the 1967 Six-Day War
- ^ S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953
- ^ S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953
- ^ Commander E H Hutchison USNR “Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks at the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951-1955” Chapter XI A Survey of the Whole Conflict p. 90-100
- ^ The Lebanese ambassador on the 16th of November summed up the figures at the UN's disposal for Jordanian-Israeli incidents from 1949 in these words: ‘Israel, in Israel territory, has lost 24 people killed; and Jordan, in its own territory, has lost 77 people killed, of whom 55 lost their lives at Qibya. Of the 77 killed since June 1949 in Jordan by Israel, 55 were killed four weeks in the Qibya incident’S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953
- ^ S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953
- ^ Para.16 S/PV.630 27 October 1953
- ^ OpenDocument S/635/Rev.1 9 November 1953
- ^ Jerusalem Post, 31 October 1965)
- ^ OpenDocument S/635/Rev.1 9 November 1953
- ^ Commander E H Hutchison USNR “Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks at the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951-1955” (Acting Chairman of the HKJIMAC), Annex B
- ^ Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall, pp 90–93
- ^ S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953para.91
- ^ Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East. The Linden Press/Simon & Schuster. New York, 1981, pp. 48-50):
- ^ In Sharett's diary we read: (1)'I told Lavon that this [attack] will be a grave error, and recalled, citing various precedents, that it was never proved that reprisal actions serve their declared purpose. Lavon smiled ... and kept to his own idea.... Ben Gurion, he said, didn't share my view.' (14 October 1953, p.37) (2) 'I must underline that when I opposed the action I didn't even remotely suspect such a bloodbath. I thought that I was opposing one of those actions which have become a routine in the past. Had I even remotely suspected that such a massacre was to be held, I would have raised real hell. (16 October 1953,p. 44)' cited Livia Rokach, Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, AAUG Press, Belmont, Massachusetts, 3rd ed.1986.
- ^ [ S/PV.630 27 October 1953
- ^ Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation and the Countdown to the Suez War, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 258-9.
- ^ Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars, ibid. pp. 257-276. esp. pp.249,262
- ^ The Department of State issued a statement on Oct. 18, 1953 (Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 26, 1953, p. 552).
- ^ http://www.geocities.com/indictsharon/bio.html Sharon : Biography. Retrieved 17 Sep 2007.
- ^ Livia Rokach, Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, ibid.
- ^ As reported by Davar 20 October 1953, and translated by Livia Rokach in Israel’s Sacred Terrorism, ibid. APPENDIX 1
- ^ Uri Avnery Biography
- ^ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, A history of the Zionist-Arab Conflict 1881-2001, First Vintage books, 2001. p.279. "After Qibya the IDF switched from civilian to military targets. Arab civilian casualties declined markedly, reducing Western condemnation of "indiscriminate" Israeli reprisals. But the sorties increased in size and firepower: Many more troops and guns were needed to conquer a well-fortified military camp or police fort than to overrun a village."
[edit] External links
- UNSC resolution on Qibya operation, text at JVL. United Nations text in PDF.
- S/636/Rev.1 16 November 1953
- 1953 Qibya and other retribution acts carried out by Unit 101 under the command of Ariel Sharon - from Ariel Sharon's Life Story, a biography.
- Arab-Israeli Infiltration, list of similar operations.
- Commander E H Hutchison USNR “Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks at the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951-1955”
[edit] Sources
- [Morris] Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 278
- [Lexicon] Ze'ev Shchiff, Israel Army Lexicon
