Pygmalion and Galatea

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The Kendals in the title roles, 1871

Pygmalion and Galatea (1890) by Jean-Léon Gérôme

Pygmalion and Galatea, an Original Mythological Comedy is a blank verse play by W. S. Gilbert in three acts based on the Pygmalion story. It opened at the Haymarket Theatre in London on December 9, 1871. It was revived many times, including an 1883 production in New York starring Mary Anderson as Galatea, an 1883-84 revival at the Lyceum Theatre, again with Mary Anderson,^[1] and an 1888 production at the Lyceum Theatre, with Julia Neilson as Cynisca.

Pygmalion was Gilbert's greatest success to that date and is said to have earned him £40,000 during his lifetime. Pygmalion and Galatea was so popular that other Pygmalions were rushed to the stage. In January, 1872, Ganymede and Galatea opened at the Gaiety Theatre. This was a comic version of Franz von Suppé's Die schöne Galathee, coincidentally with Arthur Sullivan's brother, Fred Sullivan, in the cast. In March 1872, William Brough's Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair was revived, and in May of that year, a visiting French company produced Victor Massé's Galathée.

Gilbert created several blank verse "fairy comedies" at the Haymarket Theatre for John Baldwin Buckstone and starring William Hunter Kendal and his wife Madge Robertson Kendal (sister of the playwright Tom Robertson), in the early 1870s. These plays, influenced by the fairy work of James Planché, are founded upon the idea of self-revelation by characters under the influence of some magic or some supernatural interference.^[2] The first was The Palace of Truth in 1870, a fantasy adapted from a story by Madame de Genlis. Pygmalion and Galatea, a satire of sentimental, romantic attitudes toward myth, was one of seven plays that Gilhert produced in 1871. Together, these plays, and successors such as The Wicked World (1873), Sweethearts (1874), Charity (1874), and Broken Hearts (1875), did for Gilbert on the dramatic stage what the German Reed Entertainments had done for him on the musical stage. They established that his capabilities extended far beyond burlesque and won him artistic credentials as a writer of wide range, who was as comfortable with human drama as with farcical humor.^[3]

1 Synopsis
2 Roles
3 Critical reception
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Synopsis

In Gilbert's Pygmalion story, the sculptor is a married man. His wife, Cynisca, at first encourages his interest in his statue, Galatea. Cynisca is often away, and she doesn't want her husband to be bored. When the statue comes to life, however, matters become complex. Galatea is born so innocent that she appears wayward and disrupts the lives she touches during her less-than-twenty-four hours in the flesh. Under the fire of Cynisca's jealousy, Galatea decides that her original state was happier, and turns back into a statue.

[edit] Roles

Julia Marlowe as Galatea in a U.S. production

Pygmalion, an Athenian Sculptor
Leucippus, a Soldier
Chrysos, an Art Patron
Agesimos, Chrysos’s Slave
Mimos, Pygmalion’s Slave
Galatea, an Animated Statue
Cynisca, Pygmalion’s Wife
Daphne, Chrysos’s Wife
Myrine, Pygmalion’s Sister

[edit] Critical reception

"The Cambridge History of English and American Literature" noted:

The satire is shrewd, but not profound; the young author is apt to sneer, and he has by no means learned to make the best use of his curiously logical fancy. That he occasionally degrades high and beautiful themes is not surprising. To do so had been the regular proceeding in burlesque, and the age almost expected it; but Gilbert’s is not the then usual hearty cockney vulgarity. In Pygmalion and Galatea, and, still more, in Gretchen (1879)... the vulgarity is cynical and bitter.^[2]

A New York Times review of a production of the play at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City said,

Mr. Gilbert, who is inevitably a humorist, has, one must own, put a great deal of truth and humanity into his Pygmalion and Galatea. The play is, from one side, harshly and aggressively disagreeable. Its characters are low, vulgar, and selfish. Pygmalion - an antique poetic conception - is reduced here to snobbishness and priggishness. His sister, his wife, his kinsmen, and his friends are insufferable. But, though insufferable, they are not especially untruthful. Those who try to portray life are brought to the sad work of picturing absurd, weak and sordid personalitles. Men, as we know them, are not ideals. They are rather caricatures of ideals. Mr. Gilbert, who has bright satiric force, does not hesitate to put his sting into them - and his purpose is admirably praiseworthy. In several of his plays he is labored and fantastic; in Pygmalion and Galatea, it seems to us, he presents the pathos of idealism in a very effective manner, contrasting it grimly and cynically with frank reality. Galatea is the spirit of sweet, ingenuous, aspiring womanhood; she is ushered into a world of bitterness, jealousy, vulgarity; she loves her maker, who is a narrow-hearted and fatuous sculptor; she meets those who prove to her that life is a thing of sorrow. At the end, forlorn and broken in soul, she returns to her pedestal, utters her melancholy farewell to the world, and becomes again a statue. The satire in a play like this is, of course, rather darkly drawn. The contrast between the innocent Galatea and the selfish Pygmalion is painful, mournful. But is the contrast, is the satire, under-true? There is nothing so beautiful, so bewildering, as the potency of life. It is astonishing, a posteriori, that life is as small, as unsatisfactory, as it is. Pygmalion and Galatea has, in consequence, a depth which it may not appear to have at first sight. It is a trifle on the surface - a jest aimed at our dull human affairs. But the plot has a barbed point.^[4]

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

Crowther, Andrew (2000). Contradiction Contradicted – The Plays of W. S. Gilbert. Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3839-2.
Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816174-3.