Punjabi Mexican American
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The Punjabi Mexican American community, the majority of which is localized to Yuba City, California is a distinctive cultural phenomenon holding its roots in a migration pattern that occurred almost a century prior. The first meeting of these cultures occurred in the Imperial Valley in 1907, near the largest irrigation system in the Western hemisphere.
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[edit] Punjabi immigration
For decades in the early 20th century, Punjabi farming families, who were predominantly of the Sikh religion, had sent their sons out of Punjab to earn money.[1][2] Intending to return to India, only a handful of men brought their wives and families. In the United States, however, due to changed immigration laws it was not possible for the families of Punjabi workers to join them. Beyond this, poor wages and working conditions convinced the Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[3] In northern California’s Sacramento Valley, Punjabis tended to work in gangs, and were called “Hindu crews”.
[edit] Mexican immigration
Mexican migration began in the 1910's, shortly after the Mexican Revolution, with families moving into the United States. These families picked cotton in fields farmed by Punjabi men. The Punjabi men are thought to have chosen women of Mexican ancestry for many reasons. Mexican women were thought to resemble Punjabis physically, and many were beautiful. Perhaps most important, Mexican women were accessible in southern California (in the central and northern areas of the state most Punjabi men remained bachelors).
Mexican women working in the fields who, much like the women of northern India, covered their heads and bodies to protect themselves from the blazing sun.[3] Mexicans and Punjabis shared a rural way of life; with similar types of food and family values, and thus maintained a similar material and social culture. Furthermore, Mexicans and Punjabis shared an initially lower class status.[1]
[edit] Intermarriage
Punjabi men married Mexican women laborers and there were eventually almost four hundred of these biethnic couples clustered in California’s agricultural valley.[1] Husbands and wives spoke to each other in rudimentary English or Spanish. The men tended to be older, in their late thirties or forties, and the women in their early twenties. Punjabi men learned Spanish to deal with Mexican agricultural laborers and to speak to their wives. Some Punjabi men adopted Spanish names or nicknames: Miguel for Magyar, Andreas for Inter, Mondo for Mohamed.[1]
The fathers transmitted little of Punjabi culture to their wives and children, save in the domains of food and funeral practices. Cooking in the home drew from both Mexican and Punjabi cuisine and the men taught their wives to cook chicken curry, roti, and various vegetable curries. Today, for example, the Rasul family in Yuba City runs the only Mexican restaurant in California that features chicken curry and roti. Another important retention of Punjabi culture was the disposition of the body upon death. The Hindus and Sikhs insisted upon cremation, then uncommon in North America, and Muslims carried out orthodox burial ceremonies for each other (though the plots in which they are buried in rural California have since been misnamed “Hindu plots”). The wives, however, were buried in the Mexican Catholic section of local cemeteries, as were the children.[1]
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e Karen Leonard, PhD (May 1989). The World & I. The Washington Times Corporation.
- ^ Article on Punjabi-Mexicans
- ^ a b Jayasri Majumdar Hart. Roots in the sand. PBS.
[edit] External Link
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