Proto-Indo-European to Dacian sound changes

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The Dacian language was a Satem Indo European Language.

Contents 1 Short vowels 1.1 PIE *h2e,*h2 > PIE a > Dacian a 1.1.1 Dacian: *akmōn-, *Akmōnia ( att. Akmonia) 1.1.2 Dacian: *arğ-, Arğidava (att. Argidava), *Arğesya (att. Ὀρδησσός /Ordēssos/) 1.1.3 Dacian: *apa, *DZaldapa (att. Zaldapa), *Apus (att. Απος /Apos/) 1.2 PIE *e,*h1e,*h1/stressed > PIE e/stressed > Dacian *ye/ya 1.2.1 Dacian: Diegis 1.3 PIE *e,*h1e,*h1/not-stressed > PIE e/not-stressed > Dacian *e 1.3.1 Dacian: Netindava 1.4 PIE *o,*h1o, h2o, h3o,*h3e,*h3 > PIE *o > Dacian *a 1.4.1 Dacian: Malwa 2 Long Vowels 2.1 PIE *eh1 > PIE ē > Early Dacian ē > Dacian *ā 2.1.1 Dacian dāwā 2.2 PIE *eh2 > PIE ā > Dacian *ā 2.3 PIE *oh1,oh2,oh3,*eh3 > PIE ō > Dacian *ō 2.3.1 Dacian Akmōnia 3 Semivowels 3.1 PIE *i,*h1i,*h2i,*h3i > Dacian i 3.1.1 Dacian: *Istra (att. Ister, Hister, Istros, Istru) 3.2 PIE *u,*h1u,*h2u,*h3u > Dacian u 3.3 PIE *ih1,ih2,ih3 > PIE i: > Dacian i: 3.4 PIE *uh1,uh2,uh3 > PIE u: > Dacian u: 3.5 PIE *w > Dacian *w 3.5.1 Dacian dāwā 3.6 PIE *y > Dacian *y 4 Diphthongs: 4.1 PIE *ou > Dacian *au 4.2 PIE *au > Dacian *au 4.3 PIE *eu > Dacian *eu 4.4 PIE *oi > Dacian *ai 4.5 PIE *ai > Dacian *ai (> Late Dacian e (in sec II-III CE)) 4.5.1 Dacian: *aidziyā, *aidza (att. Aizisis) 4.6 PIE *ei > Dacian *ei, Dacian dialectal *i 5 Dentals (notation: T) 5.1 PIE *dh > Dacian *d 5.1.1 Dacian: *dāwā (att. -dava, -daua, -daba) 5.1.2 Dacian: *dyega, Diegis 5.2 PIE *d > Dacian *d 5.2.1 Dacian: Duras, Diurpaneus 5.3 PIE *t > Dacian *t 5.3.1 Dacian: *tamas-, Tamasidava 6 Labials (notation: P) 6.1 PIE *p > Dacian *p 6.2 PIE *bh > Dacian *b 6.2.1 Dacian: *berdza-, Berzovia, Berzobis 6.3 PIE *b, *ph3 > Dacian *b 6.3.1 Dacian: Rabon, Arabon 7 Nasals and Liquids (notation: R) 7.1 PIE *m > Dacian *m 7.2 PIE *n > Dacian *n 7.3 PIE *l > Dacian *l 7.4 PIE *r > Dacian *r 7.5 PIE *m. > Dacian *a 7.6 PIE *n. > Dacian *a 7.7 PIE *r. > Dacian *ri~*ir 7.8 PIE *l. > Dacian *li~*il 7.9 PIE *r.h1 > Dacian *ar~*ra 7.10 PIE *r.h2 > Dacian *ur~*ru 7.11 PIE *r.h3 > Dacian *ar~*ra 7.12 PIE *l.h1 > Dacian *al~*la 7.13 PIE *l.h2 > Dacian *ul~*lu 7.14 PIE *l.h3 > Dacian *al~*la 8 Velars 8.1 PIE *k > Dacian *k 8.2 PIE *g > Dacian *g 8.3 PIE *k^ > Dacian *ts 8.4 PIE *ĝ, ĝh > Dacian *dz 8.5 PIE *kw/- > Dacian *k 8.6 PIE *kW/+ > Dacian *c^ (like in English teacher) 8.7 PIE *gw/-,gwh/- > Dacian *g 8.8 PIE *gw/+,gwh/+ > Dacian *ğ /g^/ 8.9 PIE *ty/hiatus > Late Dacian *ts~*c^ 8.10 PIE *dy/hiatus > Late Dacian *dz~*g^ 8.11 PIE *ky > Late Dacian *ts~*c^ 8.12 PIE *gy > Late Dacian *dz~*g^ 9 Sibilants 9.1 Issues 9.2 PIE *s > Dacian *s 9.3 PIE *sw-/stressed > Dacian *w 9.4 PIE *s-/stressed > Dacian *z 10 Consonantic Clusters: 10.1 PIE *sk- > Dacian *ks- > Late Dacian h- 10.2 PIE *-sk-/intervocalic > Dacian *-ks- > Late Dacian *-h- 10.3 PIE *sp- > Dacian *ps > Late Dacian f 10.4 PIE *sm > Dacian *m 10.5 PIE *sn > Dacian *n 10.6 PIE *sr > Dacian *r 11 References 12 External links

[edit] Short vowels

PIE has the short vowels e, o.

The existence of the PIE short vowel a is disputed.

The origin of the Late PIE short vowel a is considered to be the laryngeal h₂.

But Mayrhofer (1986: 170 ff.) has argued that PIE did in fact have a phoneme independent of h₂.

The PIE short vowel e passed in Dacian in a stressed syllable to ye/ya.

It is usual considered that the stressed e passed in Dacian to ye in open syllables and to ya in closed syllables.

However some Dacian dialectal variations didn't strictly obey to the above rules.

The PIE short vowel o passed in PIE dialectal times (this change happened in all the SATEM areal) to a, so it appeared in Dacian as a.

The (late) PIE short vowel a was preserved in Dacian as a.

[edit] PIE *h2e,*h2 > PIE a > Dacian a

[edit] PIE *e,*h1e,*h1/stressed > PIE e/stressed > Dacian *ye/ya

[edit] PIE *e,*h1e,*h1/not-stressed > PIE e/not-stressed > Dacian *e

• No clear etymologies could be supplied however some Dacian words like: Netindava, Decebalus point out to this phonetic rule.

[edit] PIE *o,*h1o, h2o, h3o,*h3e,*h3 > PIE *o > Dacian *a

[edit] Long Vowels

It is often suggested that long vowels were appeared in PIE from an e, o followed by one of the laryngeals h1,h2,h3

At least in its latest times, PIE has the long vowels ā, ē, ō; a colon (:) is sometimes employed to indicate vowel length instead of the macron sign (a:, e:, o:).

Other linguists argued that long vowels already existed in early PIE.

Other long vowels may have appeared already in the proto-language by compensatory lengthening.

[edit] PIE *eh1 > PIE ē > Early Dacian ē > Dacian *ā

[edit] PIE *eh2 > PIE ā > Dacian *ā

[edit] PIE *oh1,oh2,oh3,*eh3 > PIE ō > Dacian *ō

[edit] Semivowels

PIE has w, y (also transcribed u̯, i̯) with vocalic allophones u, i.

The PIE semi-vowels w, y was preserved in Dacian as w, y.

Their PIE vocalic allophones u, i was also preserved in Dacian as u, i.

The PIE laryngeals have generated long u:, i: vowels whenever they appeared after the PIE vowels u, i ; but in front of PIE vowels u, i the PIE laryngeals were lost.

[edit] PIE *i,*h1i,*h2i,*h3i > Dacian i

[edit] PIE *u,*h1u,*h2u,*h3u > Dacian u

[edit] PIE *ih1,ih2,ih3 > PIE i: > Dacian i:

[edit] PIE *uh1,uh2,uh3 > PIE u: > Dacian u:

[edit] PIE *w > Dacian *w

Note: there wasn't any *v, in Dacian. The *v appeared from *w, very late, at the end of Dacian times

[edit] PIE *y > Dacian *y

[edit] Diphthongs:

PIE has the following diphthongs ai, au, āi, āu, ei, eu, ēi, ēu, oi, ou, ōi, ōu

[edit] PIE *ou > Dacian *au

[edit] PIE *au > Dacian *au

[edit] PIE *eu > Dacian *eu

[edit] PIE *oi > Dacian *ai

[edit] PIE *ai > Dacian *ai (> Late Dacian e (in sec II-III CE))

[edit] PIE *ei > Dacian *ei, Dacian dialectal *i

[edit] Dentals (notation: T)

The standard PIE reconstruction identified three coronal/dental stops: t, d, dʰ.

They are symbolically grouped with the cover symbol T.

The PIE t, d was preserved in Dacian as t, d.

The PIE dʰ passed in Dacian to d.

[edit] PIE *dh > Dacian *d

[edit] PIE *d > Dacian *d

[edit] PIE *t > Dacian *t

[edit] Labials (notation: P)

PIE has *p, *b, *bʰ.

*b was a very rare phoneme, which is one argument in favor of its PIE *ph3 origin.

The PIE *b, *p were preserved as *b, *p in Dacian.

The PIE *bʰ passed to Dacian *b.

[edit] PIE *p > Dacian *p

[edit] PIE *bh > Dacian *b

[edit] PIE *b, *ph3 > Dacian *b

[edit] Nasals and Liquids (notation: R)

PIE has r, l, m, n, with vocalic allophones r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥

The PIE r, l, m, n was preserved in Dacian as r, l, m, n too.

The PIE syllabic m̥, n̥ passed in Dacian to a.

The PIE syllabic l̥, r̥ passed in Dacian to ri~ir, li~li.

The PIE clusters l̥h1, r̥h1,l̥h3, r̥h3 passed to Dacian ar~ra, al~la;

On the other hand the PIE clusters l̥h2, r̥h2 passed in Dacian to ur~ru, ul~lu.

[edit] PIE *m > Dacian *m

 Dacian malwa (attested in Dacia Maluensis later Dacia Ripensis 
   Meaning: rocky shore, mountain
   Attestation: Dacia Maluensis
   Etymology: 
     PIE *molH-wo < PIE *molH- 'mountain, rocky shore'
   Cognates: 
   Preserved in: 
     Romanian mal 'shore'
     Albanian mal 'mountain' search on http://www.argjiro.net/fjalor/
   Pokorny: n/a
   References:'Eric Hamp - The Position of Albanian'
     "d) Certain Thracian names are supposedly explained with 
         the help of Albanian. Of these, only Dacia Maluensis 
         ( : mal) is well explained in this way; 
         Decebalus ( : ballë) and 
         Burebista (burre + bisht) are surely wrong."

 Dacian manteia 
   Meaning: blackberry
   Attestation: Apuleius
   Etymology: 
   Cognates: 
   Preserved in: 
     Albanian man 'mulberry' search on http://www.argjiro.net/fjalor/
      Note: In Albanian final -ntV- > -nV- 
            (with some later evolutions to -nd(V) - )
   Pokorny: 
   References:'Eric Hamp - The Position of Albanian'

[edit] PIE *n > Dacian *n

[edit] PIE *l > Dacian *l

[edit] PIE *r > Dacian *r

[edit] PIE *m. > Dacian *a

[edit] PIE *n. > Dacian *a

[edit] PIE *r. > Dacian *ri~*ir

 see Dacian #Crisia 'Black (river)' < PIE *kWrs-yo 'Black'

[edit] PIE *l. > Dacian *li~*il

[edit] PIE *r.h1 > Dacian *ar~*ra

 see Dacian #Karpātya "The Rocky (Mountains)" 
     < PIE *kr.h1-p-eh2-tyo < PIE *(s)kerh1- 'to cut'

[edit] PIE *r.h2 > Dacian *ur~*ru

[edit] PIE *r.h3 > Dacian *ar~*ra

[edit] PIE *l.h1 > Dacian *al~*la

[edit] PIE *l.h2 > Dacian *ul~*lu

[edit] PIE *l.h3 > Dacian *al~*la

[edit] Velars

Direct comparison, informed by the Centum-Satem isogloss yields the reconstruction of three rows of dorsal consonants in PIE.

• Palatovelars, ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ (also transcribed k', g', g'ʰ or k̑, g̑, g̑ʰ or k̂, ĝ, ĝʰ). These were [k]- or [g]-like sounds which underwent a characteristic change in the Satem languages; they were possibly palatalized velars ([kʲ], [gʲ]) in Proto-Indo-European.
• Pure velars, k, g, gʰ.
• Labiovelars, kʷ, gʷ, gʷʰ (also transcribed k^u̯, g^u̯, g^u̯h). Raised ʷ stands for labialization, or lip-rounding accompanying the articulation of velar sounds ([kʷ] is a sound similar to English qu in queen).

The centum group of languages merged the palatovelars ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ with the plain velars k, g, gʰ while the satem group of languages merged the labiovelars kʷ, gʷ, gʷʰ with the plain velars k, g, gʰ.

The existence of the plain velars as phonemes separate from the palatovelars and labiovelars has been disputed. In most circumstances they appear to be allophones resulting from the neutralization of the other two series in particular phonetic circumstances. It is difficult to pinpoint exactly what the circumstances of the allophony are, although it is generally accepted that neutralization occurred after s and u, and often before r.

Dorsals evolution from PIE to Dacian was the following:

PIE pure velars *k, *g remained *k, *g in Dacian.

PIE pure velar *gʰ passed in Dacian to *g.

PIE palatovelars ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ passed in Dacian to *ts, *dz, *dz

PIE labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ passed in Dacian to *k, *g, *g in a non-palatal context

In a palatal context {e, i,y} PIE labiovelars *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ passed in Dacian to *c^, *g^, *g^

[edit] PIE *k > Dacian *k

 Dacian: *karpā, Karpātya, Karpi 
   Meaning: 
    *karpā    (noun)            - 'rock' 
     Karpātya (mountains)       - 'The Rocky (mountains)' 
     Karpi    (a Dacian's Tribe) - 'The people from "the Rocky Mountains"'
   Attestation: 
      Καρπάτης ὄρος /Karpátēs/ Ptolemy, Geography, Book III, Chapter 8 
      "Dacia is bounded on the north by that part of European Sarmatia, 
      which extends from the Carpathian mountains to:  that terminus where, 
      as we have shown, the Tyras river is deflected in its course 
      in  53*00  48°30"  
      karpi
   Preserved in: 
     Albanian: karpë 'rock' 
     Romanian: Carpaţi (same mountains)
   Etymology: 
     Dacian: *karpā 'stone' < PIE *krh1-p-eh2 'rock'
              < PIE *(s)kerh1- 'to cut'
     Dacian: *Karpātya 'The Rocky (mountains)' 
         < PIE *krh1-p-eh2-tyo 'consisting of rock'     
     Note: the 'usual' proposed derivation is based on the o-grade 
                           form *(s)korh1-p-
           However the zero-grade form *(s)krh1-p- is 'more in line'
           with others Albanian-Romanian reconstruction see:
                     PIE nil-grade *bhrh1g^- 
                     Rom. barza 'stork' <-> Albanian bardhë 'white'
   Cognates: Norw. skarv 'bare rock'
   Pokorny: *(s)ker-p < *(s)ker-4  'to cut'

[edit] PIE *g > Dacian *g

[edit] PIE *k^ > Dacian *ts

 Dacian: *tsikā (Lat. sicca)
   Meaning: The famous Dacian short curved sword
   Attestation: Latin sicca 'Thracian/Dacian sword'
       The Hymns of Prudentius (120)
          "Sic semina sicca virescunt
           iam mortua iamque sepulta,
           quae reddita caespite ab imo
           veteres meditantur aristas."
   Preserved in: 
     Albanian: thikë 'knife' < [Alb th < Dacian ts] < Dacian tsikā
     Latin: sicca (as a loanword)
   Etymology: 
     Latin sicca < Dacian *tsikā < PIE *ḱh1i-ko < *ḱeh1i- 'sharpe
        The original sound "ts" in Dacian *tsikā is recontructed based on:
          1. Albanian thikë 'knife' and 
          2. on the Romanian ţ /ts/ <-> Albanian th
             correspondance (see Romanian ţeapǎ <-> Albanian thep).
        Note that the Dacian ts 'was translated' by the Romans 
        as Latin s
   Cognates:

[edit] PIE *ĝ, ĝ^h > Dacian *dz

 see Dacian #Aidzisis < PIE *h2eiǵ- 'goat'

[edit] PIE *k^w/- > Dacian *k

 Dacian: Crisia 
   Meaning: The Black (river)
   Attestation: Crisia, Crissos
   Etymology: 
     PIE *kWr.s-yo < *kWers- 'black'
   Cognates: 
   Preserved in: 
     Romanian: Criş (same river)

[edit] PIE *kW/+ > Dacian *c^ (like in English teacher)

[edit] PIE *g^w/-,g^wh/- > Dacian *g

[edit] PIE *g^w/+,g^wh/+ > Dacian *ğ /g^/

 Dacian Ğiridava  
   Meaning: The fortress on the wooded mountain
   Attestation: Giridava
   Etymology: 
     From an older reconstructed Dacian form *Ğyeri-da:wa: 
     < [gW/e > g^; e/stressed > ye] <
     PIE *gWérh2-i- (+ *dHeh1-weh2) < PIE *gWerh2- 'mountain, wooded mountain'
   Cognates: 
   Preserved (not directly) in:  
     The PIE nil-grade *gWrh2-i- 
     (that leads to a reconstructed Dacian form *grui) 
     is preserved in: 
     Romanian: grui 'hill, top'
     Albanian: gur 'stone' search on http://www.argjiro.net/fjalor/
   Pokorny: 
   References:
   Comments:
        A derivation of Dacian Giridava from the nil-grade *gWrh2-i-, 
        in place of the full-grade form *gWérh2-i- cannot be excluded; 
        But such a derivation will raise some difficulties: 
        1. the explanation of g^ in Giridava is not obvious. 
        2. the Romanian grui and Albanian gur will remain un-accountable
           because they cannot be derived directly from the Dacian giri.

 Dacian Ğermisara 
   Meaning: The hot spring(s)
   Attestation: Germisara
   Etymology: 
     From an older reconstructed Dacian form *ğermí-sara 
     < [gWH/e > g^] <
     < PIE *gWHer-m- 'hot' + *seh1-ro- 'spring'
   Preserved in:  
     Albanian: zjarm 'fire' search on http://www.argjiro.net/fjalor/
   Cognates: 
   Pokorny: 
   References:
   Comments:

[edit] PIE *ty/hiatus > Late Dacian *ts~*c^

[edit] PIE *dy/hiatus > Late Dacian *dz~*g^

[edit] PIE *ky > Late Dacian *ts~*c^

[edit] PIE *gy > Late Dacian *dz~*g^

[edit] Sibilants

The PIE has the fricative *s (with the voiced allophone *z). The "laryngeals" may have been fricatives, but there is no consensus as to their phonetic realization.

As a main rule the PIE *s was preserved in Dacian as *s

However at the beginning of the words:

1. the PIE initial *s- in accented syllables passed in Dacian to *z- and later to *z^- > *j-

2. also the PIE cluster *sw- lost the *s- and remained *w-

Also in all positions:

3. the PIE cluster *sy that was still preserved at *sy in Early Dacian Times passed in Late Dacian Times to *sh somewhere between sec II BCE and II CE.

[edit] Issues

It is still disputed if the Dacian knew a RUKI-Rule {rs > rsh, us > ush, ks > ksh , is > ish} or at least an UI-Rule {us > ush, is > ish see Naissos attested with double -ss-} or not. Also is still disputed if the intervocalic -s- was preserved as -s- in all the contexts or it passes to -h- (at least in some of them).

[edit] PIE *s > Dacian *s

 Dacian: sara, Germi-sara, Deu-sara
   Meaning: 
               sara  - 'spring'
          Germi-sara - 'The Hot Spring(s)'
          Deu-sara   - 'The God Spring(s)'
   Attestation: Ptolemy, Geography, Book III, Chapter 8 
      "The most important towns of Dacia are these: [...]
            Zermizirga    49*30  46°15  
    "  [corrupted form]   
   Etymology: 
       Dacian sara < PIE *sor-eh2 < PIE *ser- 'to flow' 
       
   Preserved in: 
   Cognates: 
         Baltic 
            Lithuanian: 
            Latvian: 
            Old Prussian 
         Greek
            Greek: 
         Indo-Aryan
            Sanskrit 
            Avestan  
            Persian
         Slavic 
            Old Church Slavonic 
            Polish 
            Russian
         
   Pokorny: ser-1 'to flow'
   References:

 Dacian: *Sūsā́gus (Susagus)
   Meaning: 
      *Sūsā́gus - 'The Old Man'/'The Grand-Father' (Decebal's General)
   Attestation: Susagus - Pliny - Letters to Emperor Trajan
     "74. To the emperor Trajan, 
        I received a letter, Sir, from Apuleius, an officer in the troops
        stationed at Nicomedia, informing me that one Callidromus being 
        arrested by Maximus and Dionysius, (two bakers, to whom he had 
        hired himself) fled for refuge to your statue; that being brought
        before a magistrate, he declared he was formerly slave to Laberius 
        Maximus; but being taken prisoner by Susagus in Moesia, 
        he was sent as a present from Decebalus to Pacorus, king of Parthia, 
        in whose service he continued several years, from whence he made 
        his escape, and came to Nicomedia. When he was examined before me, 
        he confirmed this account; for which reason I thought it necessary 
        to send him to you. I should have sent him sooner, but I deferred 
        his journey, in order to make an inquiry concerning a gem which 
        he said was taken from him, upon which was engraved the figure of 
        Pacorus in his royal habit: I was desirous (if it could have been found) 
        of transmitting this curiosity to you, with a small ingot of 
        Parthian gold, which he says he brought from thence out of the mines, 
        I have fixed my seal to it, the impression of which is, a chariot 
        drawn by four horses.  "
   Etymology: 
       Dacian Sūsā́gus < PIE *suhs-eh2  "parent, progenitor"       
   Certainty: -
   Preserved in: 
         Albanian: gjysh 'grandfather' <-> 
         Romanian: ghiuj "old man, grandfather"
              < [PAlb/Dacian? gj < PAlb s-/stressed] <
                       < PAlb/Dacian? *sūsā 
                       < PIE *suhs-eh2 "parent, progenitor"       
   Cognates: 
         Indo-Aryan
            Sanskrit: sūṣā́ `who gives birth' Skt. sūṣán- "god of bearing" 
            Avestan  
            Persian
         
   Pokorny: su:s- 'parent'
   References:

[edit] PIE *sw-/stressed > Dacian *w

[edit] PIE *s-/stressed > Dacian *z

[edit] Consonantic Clusters:

[edit] PIE *sk- > Dacian *ks- > Late Dacian h-

[edit] PIE *-sk-/intervocalic > Dacian *-ks- > Late Dacian *-h-

[edit] PIE *sp- > Dacian *ps > Late Dacian f

[edit] PIE *sm > Dacian *m

[edit] PIE *sn > Dacian *n

[edit] PIE *sr > Dacian *r

[edit] References

• DBED - Derksen Baltic etymological dictionary
• DSED - Derksen Slavic etymological dictionary
• BGED - Beekes Greek etymological dictionary
• LIAED - Alexander, Lubotsky, Indo-Aryan etymological dictionary
• DAED - Demiraj, Bardyl, Albanian Inherited Lexicon
• Matassovic An etymological lexicon of Proto-Celtic (in progress)
• Hamp, Eric P.
• Pokorny, Julius. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1959.

[edit] External links

• Yahoo Cybalist GroupYahoo Balkanika Group