Proto-Dené-Caucasian roots
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[edit] Introduction
The following glossary is based on the works mentioned in the references. The Proto-Dené-Caucasian language is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, Na-Dené and possibly also other languages of Eurasia and North America.
The relationship among these languages and the existence of a Dene-Caucasian family is disputed or rejected by most linguists.[1][2][3][4]
Several remarks must be made:
- The inclusion of Na-Dené (here understood to include Haida) is only preliminary, as the work on the regular sound correspondences has not been completed yet.
- Sumerian has been included only as a tentative member. As with other ancient languages, much work remains to be done to elucidate its phonology. Besides Dené-Caucasian, Sumerian has also been compared to Nostratic (and/or its branches) and Austric (especially Munda). None of these proposals are considered as conclusive. There is not enough evidence to state with certainty that Sumerian was (or, in the case of the oldest proto-languages, was not) a relative of any of them.
[edit] Glossary
[edit] Special Lists
[edit] 100-Word List
To be continued...
| Meaning | Corresponding meaning |
|---|---|
| Different meaning | |
| No known match |
| 100-Word List | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The more stable 35-Word List | |||||||||
| Meaning | PDC | Basque | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | (Sumerian) | Comments |
| blood1 | t͡ɕʼaːd͡ɮwV́ | -særːði1 | t͡ɕʼaːd͡ɮwV(ː)² | t͡sak³ | sur4 | 1 In izerdi /iserːði/ 'sweat' < */i-særːði/; */i-/ is the fossilized 2nd animate class marker. ² PEC: PNa */t͡sʼeːgi(ː)/ 'blood', */t͡sʼeːge(ː)-n/ 'red'; PAv */t͡ʃʼa(ː)gV(ː)-/ 'alive'; PLez */t͡ʃʼV(ː)t͡ɬːʷV(ː)-/ (-w-) 'alive; lively, animated'; Hurr /zur-gi/ 'blood' |
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| blood2 | hwiʔnV(ː) | Huni1 | hweʔnV(ː)² | huní³ | ʔʷiːj4 | umun5 | 1 Zuberoan hün 'marrow, brain', Lapurdian fuiñ 'marrow, pith' ² PEC: Akhwakh /hini/ 'blood', Avar /han/ 'meat' |
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| blood3 | TVɬV | -dol1 | t(h)ǝlH² | dǝ̀t͡ɬ³ | dara4 | 1 In odol 'blood' < */o-dol/; /o-/ is the fossilized 1st animate class marker. ² 'meat, flesh' |
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| blood4 | gVrV | gorː-1 | gir² | ɢɑi³ | kurun4 | 1 In gorri 'red; incandescent', gorri-t 'to become red'; gor-din 'raw', gorringo 'yolk of eggs' < */gorː-/ ² Nagar 'water that flows from a wound' |
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| blood5 | t͡ɬEwŋV́(ː) | t͡ɬEwnV(ː)1 | -ltán² | t͡ɬɨaŋ³ | urin4 | 1~*/x-/, */ɬ-/; Proto-East-Caucasian 'internal fat', Proto-West-Caucasian */ɬA/ 'blood'. ² In Burushaski */mu-ltán/. |
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| bone | kot͡sʼa(ː) | kot͡sʼa(ː)1 | kuːt² | -kut͡s³ | 1 Alternatively */kot͡sʼe(ː)/; Proto-East Caucasian: Hunzib /kʼot͡sʼu/ 'back of head', Agul /kʼat͡sʼ/ 'vertebra' ² Starostin compares this form to PDC */xqʼHwɨ(ː)ntV́ː/ 'elbow' |
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| die | |||||||||
| dog | |||||||||
| ear | |||||||||
| egg | |||||||||
| eye | wemqʼV́ | moko[1] | wimqʼV[2] | -moq-[3] | mjVk[4] | ʔǝqa-[5] | wɑ̀ɢ[6] | (igi)[7] | 1 ‘beak, bill’ if not from Romance. Compare also /begi/, problematic for phonological reasons. ² ‘witness; true’ < ‘eye-witness’ < ‘eye’ |
| fire | |||||||||
| fish | |||||||||
| full | |||||||||
| give | |||||||||
| hand | |||||||||
| horn | |||||||||
| I | |||||||||
| know | |||||||||
| louse | |||||||||
| moon | |||||||||
| name | |||||||||
| new | |||||||||
| nose | |||||||||
| one | |||||||||
| salt | |||||||||
| stone | |||||||||
| sun | |||||||||
| tail | |||||||||
| this | |||||||||
| thou | |||||||||
| tongue | |||||||||
| tooth | |||||||||
| two | |||||||||
| water | |||||||||
| what | |||||||||
| who | |||||||||
| wind | |||||||||
| year | |||||||||
| The less stable 65-Word List | |||||||||
| all | |||||||||
| ashes | |||||||||
| bark | |||||||||
| belly | |||||||||
| big | |||||||||
| bird | |||||||||
| bite | |||||||||
| black | |||||||||
| breast | |||||||||
| burn | |||||||||
| cloud | |||||||||
| cold | |||||||||
| come | |||||||||
| drink | |||||||||
| dry | |||||||||
| earth | |||||||||
| eat | |||||||||
| fat | |||||||||
| feather | |||||||||
| fly | |||||||||
| foot | |||||||||
| good | |||||||||
| green | |||||||||
| hair | |||||||||
| head | |||||||||
| hear | |||||||||
| heart | |||||||||
| kill | |||||||||
| knee | |||||||||
| leaf | |||||||||
| lie | |||||||||
| liver | |||||||||
| long | |||||||||
| man | |||||||||
| many | |||||||||
| meat | |||||||||
| mountain | |||||||||
| mouth | |||||||||
| neck | |||||||||
| night | |||||||||
| person | |||||||||
| rain | |||||||||
| red | |||||||||
| road | |||||||||
| root | |||||||||
| round | |||||||||
| sand | |||||||||
| say | |||||||||
| see | |||||||||
| seed | |||||||||
| sit | |||||||||
| skin | |||||||||
| sleep | |||||||||
| small | |||||||||
| smoke | |||||||||
| stand | |||||||||
| star | |||||||||
| swim | |||||||||
| that | |||||||||
| tree | |||||||||
| walk | |||||||||
| warm | |||||||||
| white | |||||||||
| woman | |||||||||
| yellow | |||||||||
[edit] Body Parts
To be finished...
| Body Parts | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | PDC | Vasconic | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | (Sumerian) | Comments |
| back | d͡zV[k]wV | -ska-[1] | zəkʷa[2] | -sqa[3] | ʔuska[4] | sku[5] | (sug) |
1 In (c) bizkar /biskarː/ ‘back; crest, hill’ < */bi-ska-rː/; */bi/- is a fossilized inanimate marker, *-/rː/ is a fossilized plural ending. |
|
| back (upper)1 | wəd͡ɮV | -balda[1] | wəd͡ɮV[2] | -wáld-[3] | (bar)[4] | 1 In Basque sorbalda /ɕorːbalda/ < */ɕorː-balda/ ‘shoulder’ ² In Hunza, Nagar /-wáld-as/, Yasin /-wáld-es/ ‘back’ |
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| back (upper)2 | bHǝrxkV́ | bHǝrχV[1] | -pʰóʁonas[2] | ph(r)aːk[3] | (murgu)[4] | 1 Proto-East Caucasian ‘back, shoulder-blade’ > Proto-Lezghian */marχˁVl/ ² Yasin ‘shoulder’ |
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| body | |||||||||
| cheek | daːŋʔɨː | daːŋʔɨː[1] | Taŋ[2] | da͊ʔ[3] | (tun)[4] | 1 Proto-East Caucasian ‘cheek; gum’ ² Kiranti |
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| eye | wemqʼV́ | moko[1] | wimqʼV[2] | -moq-[3] | mjVk[4] | ʔǝqa-[5] | wɑ̀ɢ[6] | (igi)[7] | 1 ‘beak, bill’ if not from Romance. Compare also /begi/, problematic for phonological reasons. ² ‘witness; true’ < ‘eye-witness’ < ‘eye’ |
| face | nHeːmdV | -neˑnʔ | |||||||
| feather | |||||||||
| foot1 | tʼwiːɦVː[1] | -te-[2] | tʼwiːɦVː[3] | -húʈ-[4] | tɨH[5] | -tʼɑ-[6] | 1 Also with a metathesized counterpart */ɦiːtʼwVː/ in Proto-Avaro-Andian and Burushaski.
² In Basque izter /isterː/ ‘thigh’ < */i-s-te-rː/; */i-/ is the fossilized 2nd animate class marker, */-s-/ is a fossilized prefix, usually marking body parts (see the Tibetan and Haida forms below), */-rː/ is the fossilized plural marker. |
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| foot2 | qʼHwV́lV[1] | q̱ʼHwVlV[2] | χɔlV-[3] | qʼuluu[4] | 1 Or */qʼHwV́ɫV/ ² Proto-East Caucasian > Lezgi /qʼyl/ ‘foot, kick’, etc. |
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| forehead | |||||||||
| forehead < edge | bʕáːɫho | bela-[1] | bʕaːɫho[2] | bal[3] | -PVl[4] | 1 In Basque belar /belarː/ < */bela-rː/; *-/rː/ is a fossilized plural ending ² Proto-East Caucasian ‘edge, protruding end’> Proto-Lezghian */pːaˁlː/ ‘forehead; horn’ > Rutul /bæl/, Kryz /bel/ ‘forehead’ |
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| gullet | |||||||||
| head | t͡ɕʼV́qV | SqIa[1] | -t͡ʃáʁanes[2] | t͡s[ɨ]ʔɢ- | -t͡siʔ[3] | (saĝ)[4] | 1 Proto-West Caucasian > Ubykh /ʃɑ/, Kabardian /ɕħɑ/ ² Yasin ‘back of head’ |
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| horn | t͡ɬwɨrV | -rːðarː | t͡ɬwɨrV[1] | -ltúr[2] | 1 Proto-East Caucasian ² Hunza, Nagar /-ltúr/, Hunza, Nagar, Yasin /tur/ (standalone form) |
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| jaw | |||||||||
| joint | |||||||||
| lip | kʼweːmtʼiː | kʼweːmtʼiː | kʼúdʼɑ | ||||||
| mouth | χwǝ- | -ho | χwɨ- | khʷəː(H) | χowe | χUʔ | (kag) | ||
| neck | |||||||||
| nose | mHart͡ʃwV́ | muɕu[1] | mHart͡ʃwV[2] | -múʃ[3] | (muš)[4] | 1 (G) musu ‘nose’, (c) ‘snout, face, mouth, lip, kiss’, according to Bengtson, this Dené-Caucasian etymology accounts for the Romance words listed by Trask (1997: 261); (G) musu-zulo ‘nostrils’ ² Proto-East Caucasian > Chamalal /maʃ/ ‘snot’, etc. |
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| point | |||||||||
| tongue | méɫt͡sʼi | mixi | melṯ͡sʼi | -mélt͡ʂ | (meze) | ||||
| tooth | kVrd͡ʒwV | xort͡s | kVrd͡ʒeː | ||||||
Notes
To be completed...
[edit] Pronominal morphemes
| Dene-Caucasian Pronouns | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Dene-Caucasian | Basque | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | (Sumerian) | Comments |
| 1st sg. | *ŋV | *ni, *n- | *nɨ̆ | *a- | *ŋa:- | *ŋ | /ŋa(e)/(1) | (1) Emesal dialect /ma(e)/ | |
| *dzV | *-da-/*-t | *zo: | *dzʲa | *ʔadz | (1) | (1) Proto-Athabaskan *ʃ, Haida dii | |||
| *KV | *gu(1)/*g- | *kă- | (2) | (1) 1st pl.; (2) Tlingit χa, Eyak x-, xʷ | |||||
| 2nd sg. | *KʷV | *hi, *h-, *-ga- | *ʁV: | *gu-/*go- | *Kʷa- | *(V)k(V) | (1) | (1) Proto-Athabaskan *χʷ-, Tlingit ɣi ~ yi = 2nd pl.; Tlingit ʔi, Eyak ʔi "thou" | |
| *wVn | *wo:-n | *u-n | *nă-(ŋ) | *ʔaw | (1) | (1) Proto-Athabaskan *ŋ̰ən-, Haida daŋ, Tlingit waʔɛ́ | |||
| 3rd sg. | *w- (*m-) | be-ra | *mV | *mu-(1) | *m- | *wV | (2) | (1) feminine; (2) Proto-Athabaskan *wə-, Eyak wa-, Tlingit wɛ́, Haida ’wa | |
| 2nd pl. | *Su | *su, *s- | *zʲwĕ | /za(e)/(1) | (1) 2nd sg. | ||||
[edit] Negative morphemes
See the PDC Morphology (forthcoming) for details.
[edit] Affixes
See the PDC Morhology (forthcoming) for details.
[edit] Class Affixes
| Class Affixes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDC | Basque | Caucasian | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Comments | ||||
| *u̯- | *o-/*u- | *u̯- | *a/*o | ||||||
| *j | *e-/*i- | *j- | *g- (?) | *i/*id | |||||
| *w | *be-/*bi- | *w-/*b-(/*m-) | *b-/*m- | *b | |||||
| *r | *r-/*d- | *r-/*d- | |||||||
| *s | *-s- | (*-s-) | *s- | ||||||
[edit] to be used for wordlists
The majority of the word forms in the table represent reconstructions in the respective proto-languages, to wit, Proto-Basque, Proto-North Caucasian, Proto-Burushaski, Proto-Sino-Tibetan, Proto-Yeniseian and Proto-Na-Dené (here meant to include Haida). Nevertheless, especially in the cases of Na-Dené, North Caucasian and Sino-Tibetan, some expressions have not been attested in the whole family and can only be traced back to the individual intermediate daughter (proto-)languages. See the footnotes for details. As for Proto-Na-Dené, its reconstruction is still in its infancy but may soon be improved thanks to the recently finished dictionary of Haida.
As above, /V/ means that the vowel in this position has not been successfully reconstructed yet, and so on. To be completed.
| Meaning | Basque | Caucasian | Burushaski | Sino-Tibetan | Yeniseian | Na-Dené | PDC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| back | /bi-ska-rː/1 | /zəkʷa/2 | -/sqa/3 | /ʔuska/4 | /sku/5 | ʒV[k]wV /d͡zV[k]wV/ | |
| arm | /ɢːHwɨnAː/6 | /keːn/7 | /ken/8 | -/ɢạːn/-9 | xGHwV́nĀ /xɢˈHwVnAː/ | ||
| limb | /ɕoin/10 | /Ht͡s̕ːweːjmə/11 | -/ˈɕaŋ/12 | /t͡s̕ən/13 | Hc̣wḗjŋə /Ht͡s̕ˈweːjŋə/ | ||
| genitalia | /kunt͡sa/14 | /k̕ʜəlt͡ʃ̕V/15 | -/ˈʁuʂ/16 | /gVns/-17 | /gut͡ʃ̕/18<;/sup> | xḳħəlć̣V́ /xk̕ʜəlˈt͡ɕ̕V/ | |
| rodent | /ɕagu/19 | /t͡saːrgːwV/20 | /t͡ɕarˈge/21 | /sreŋ(H)/22 | /saʔqa/23 | /t͡saɬg/24 | [c]arxgwV́ /ˈ[t͡s]arxgwV/ |
| branch | /(H)ar/-25 | /ʡaʟV/26 | /jəːl/27 | /ʔuʔlan/28 | /ʔiːɬ/29 | jʡV́ɫV /jˈʡVʟV/ | |
| smoke | /ke/30 | /k̕ːwɨnʜV/31 | /ghiw/32 | /gi(ʔ)ŋ/33 | /qʷunʔ/34 | ḳwɨŋħV /k̕wɨŋʜV/ | |
| star₁ | /i-sarː/35 | /d͡zːwhariː/36 | /t͡ser/37 | ʒwhárī /ˈd͡zwhariː/ | |||
| star₂ | /sV[m]/38 | /seːŋ/39 | /(t)səŋ̣ʔ/40 | ciŋwV /t͡siŋwV/ | |||
| day | /e-gun/41 | /ʁwemdV/42 | /gunt͡s/43 | /χoːŋ/44 | /gʷeːn/45 | ʁweŋV́ /ʁweˈŋV/ | |
| house | /gʷune/46 | /ɢːwinʡV/47 | /q(ʷ)im/48 | /qVn/49 | GwímʡV /ˈɢwimʡV/ | ||
| basket | /a-ɕka/50 | /t͡ɕːæq̕wa/51 | /t͡ɕVq/52 | /[t͡ɕe]kʷ/53 | /sɨʔk/54 | /t͡s̕agʔ/55 | ć̣ä́xqwa /ˈt͡ɕ̕æxqwa/ |
1 (c) bizkar /biskarː/ ‘back; crest, hill’; */bi/- is a fossilized inanimate marker, *-/rː/ is a fossilized plural ending.
2 Proto-Abkhaz-Tapant ‘back’ > Abkhaz азқәа /azkʷa/, etc.
3 ‘on one’s back’ – must be preceded by personal prefix, e.g. /ˈa-sqa/ ‘on my back’.
4 */suga/ / */ʔuska/ ‘back, backwards’ (adverb), e.g. Ket /ɕuga⁶/; /uɕka⁵/ ‘back (homeward)’, etc. (the raised numbers are tones – which ones?)
5 Haida (Skidegate) sku /sku/, (Masset) sgwaay /sgwaːj/ ‘back’.
6 */nHɨwɢːAː/ / */ɢːHwɨnAː/ > Lezgi /qːyn/ ‘shoulder’, Bezhta нухъулӀ /nuq-ut͡ɬ/ ‘armpit’, Dargwa: Akusha наикъ /naɪqː/ ‘hand, arm’, etc.
7 Old Chinese ‘shoulder’.
8 Ket /kɛn-tə-buʎ⁵/ ‘shoulder joint’, Arin /qínaŋ/ ‘arm’, etc.
9 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak. Navajo -gaan –/gàːn/ ‘arm; foreleg (of animal); limb (of tree)’, Chipewyan gghan /gʁàn/- ‘arm’, etc.
10 (B) soin /ɕoin/ ‘shoulder, garment’, (Z) suin /ɕuin/ ‘shoulder, midsection of pork’, süñhegi /ɕyɲ-hegi/ ‘shoulder’, etc.
11 Proto-East-Caucasian. Lezgi /t͡s̕um/ ‘shin-bone’, Archi /t͡s̕am-mul/ ‘ankle’, Chechen носта /nosta/ ‘shin, shank’, etc.
12 (Y,H,N) ‘limbs, body parts’.
13 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak. Navajo ts'in /t͡s̕ìn/ ‘bone’, Hupa /t͡s̕iŋʔ/ / /t͡s̕in-eʔ/ ‘bone, leg’, Galice /t͡s̕an/ ‘bone’, etc.; Eyak -/t͡s̕al/ ‘bone’.
14 (Baztan) emakuntza /emakunt͡sa/ ‘vulva, parte exterior de la vagina en el ganado’; probably modified < */kult͡sa/ by influence of the noun-forming suffix *-/kunt͡sa/ (-kuntza).
15 Proto-East-Caucasian. Akhwakh /k̕at͡ʃ̕o/ ‘vulva’, Archi /k̕at͡ʃ̕a/ ‘penis (of a boy)’, etc.
16 ‘vulva’
17 Kott /kant͡ʃal/ ‘testiculi’, Pumpokol /kutːe/ ‘penis’.
18 Eyak ‘penis’.
19 ‘mouse’; cf. also (c) saguzar /ɕagu-sar/ ‘bat’ (‘old mouse’), satitsu /ɕat-it͡ɕu/ ‘mole’ (‘blind mouse’), etc.
20 Chechen шатӀкъа /ʃat̕q̕a/ ‘weasel’, Avar цӀакьу /t͡sat͡ɬ̕ːˈu/ id., Tsakhur сок /sok/ id., Adyghe цыгъуа /t͡səʁʷa/ ‘mouse’, etc.
21 (Y) /t͡ɕarˈge/ ‘flying squirrel’.
22 Old Chinese */sreŋ/ ‘weasel’, Tibetan /sre-moŋ/ ‘weasel’, Burmese /hraɲ̊ʔ/ ‘squirrel’, etc.
23 Ket /saʔq/, Yug /saʔx/ / /saʔq/, Kott /ʃaga/, etc. ‘squirrel’.
24 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit. Tlingit tsalg /t͡saɬg/ ‘squirrel’; cf. Eyak /t͡səɬk̕/ id., Proto-Athabaskan */t͡sələx/ > Mattole /t͡salis/, etc.
25 Abstracted from (B) araka /ara-ka/ ‘knot (of tree)’, (R) arakaldi /ara-kaldi/ ‘tanda de palos’.
26 Proto-East-Caucasian. Akhwakh, Tindi, etc. /hala/, Tsez ара /ara/, Hinukh али /ali/ ‘branch’.
27 Tibetan /jal-ga/ ‘branch, bough’, Lushai /zaːr/ ‘bough, branch’.
28 Ket /ulan⁵/, Yugh /ulan⁵/ ‘rod, twig’.
29 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak. Hupa /ʔiɬ/ ‘pine boughs’, Navajo ił /ʔìɬ/ ‘evergreen boughs’, etc.; Eyak /ʔaːɬ/ ‘bough, branch (of conifer)’.
30 (B) ke, kei-, (AN) ke, eke, (L,Z) khe /kʰe/, (R) eke ‘smoke’. Regular loss of nasal < PDC cluster *-/ŋH/-.
31 Avar кӀуй /k̕ːuj/, Bezhta, Hunzib хъо /qo/, Udi /kːuin/, Ubykh /ʁʷa/, etc. ‘smoke’.
32 Old Chinese */kʰiws/ ‘smell, fragrance, stench’, Tibetan /dku/ ‘sweet scent; unpleasant scent’, Burmese /kʰəwh/ ‘smoke’, etc.
33 Kott /kiŋ/ ‘smell’. Cf. Basque */kino/ > (BN,L) k(h)ino ‘bad odor’, (Z) khiño /kʰiɲo/ ‘bad taste’.
34 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak. Hupa /xoŋʔ/, Galice /kʷanʔ/, Navajo kǫ' /kõ̀ʔ/, Chipewyan kún /kún/ ‘fire’, etc.; Eyak -/quʔ/- ‘fire’ (prefix).
35 Modern Basque izar ‘star’, izarra ‘the star’.
36 Akhwakh /t͡s̕ʷːari/, Batsbi /t̕ʕejri/, Dargwa: Chiragh зуре /zure/, Abkhaz аиеҿа /ˈa-jat͡ʃ̕a/, etc. ‘star’.
37 Tibetan /ãt͡sʰer/ ‘to shine, to glitter’; /zer/, /g-zer/ ‘ray’, Kachin /d͡ʒan¹/ ‘the sun’, etc. Is that a high tone?
38 (Y) /aˈsumun/, (H,N) /aˈsii/ (pl. /aˈsiimut͡s/).
39 Old Chinese */seːŋ/ ‘star’ (Modern Mandarin xīng /siŋ˥/ ‘star’), Lepcha /kur-sóŋ/ ‘bright, lucid, name of 5th month, a planet, the morning star’, Kiranti */saŋ/ ‘star’, etc.
40 Proto-Athabaskan. Hupa /t͡siŋʔ/, Mattole /t͡siŋ/, Navajo sǫ' /sõ̀ʔ/, Dena'ina sen /sən/, sem /səm/, sim /sim/, Carrier sum /sʌm/ ‘star’, etc.
41 (c) egun, (Z) egün ‘day’.
42 Proto-East-Caucasian. Hinukh /ʁʷede/, Bezhta водо /wodo/ ‘day’, Lak гъантта /hantːa/ ‘a day, 24 hours’, etc.
43 (Y,H,N) /gunt͡s/ ‘day’; cf. (Y,H,N) /gon/ ‘dawn’.
44 Ket /qɔŋ⁴/ ‘by daytime’, Kott /hoːnaŋ/ ‘not long ago’, etc.
45 Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak. */gʷeːn/ > */d͡ʒʷeːn/ > Hupa /d͡ʒeːn-is/, /d͡ʒiŋ/- ‘day’, Sarsi /d͡zín-is/, Navajo jį /d͡ʒĩ̀/, etc.; Eyak /gah/ ‘day’.
46 ‘plot, place, space, situation’: (B,G) une, (AN) une, gune, (BN,L) gune, (Z) güne, üne.
47 Tsez хъун /qun/ ‘farmstead’, Hinukh /qʷen/ id., Abaza гӀвна /ʕʷna/ ‘house’, Adyghe уэна /wəna/ id., etc.
48 Old Chinese */kuŋ/ ‘palace’, Tibetan /kʰjim/ ‘house’, Lepcha /kʰjum/ ‘house’, etc.
49 Proto-Athabaskan. Navajo kin /kìn/, Chipewyan kųę́ /kũ-ẽ́/ / kįę́ /kĩ-ẽ́/ ‘house’.
50 (c) aska /aɕka/, (Z) arska /arɕka/ ‘trough, manger’.
51 */t͡ɕːæq̕wa/ ~ */t͡ɕ̕ːæqwa/ > Archi /t͡ʃ̕aq̕ʷ/ ‘spoon; wooden shovel for winnowing’, Avar (dial.) чӀикӀаро /t͡ʃ̕ːiˈk̕aro/ ‘spoon’, Ubykh /t͡ʃaˈq̕ʷə/ ‘basin, tureen’, etc.
52 (H) -/t͡ɕuq/, (N) -/ˈt͡ɕoq/ ‘a measure of grain’, (Y) /t͡ɕiq/ ‘a measure of grain; a tray for sifting wheat’.
53 Old Chinese */t͡ɕekʷs/ ‘to empty a cup’, */t͡ɕekʷ/ ‘wine cup’, Lushai /suak/~/suaʔ/ ‘to ladle, ladle out’.
54 Ket /ɕɨʔk/, Yugh /sɨʔk/ ‘trough for dough (почёвка)’.
55 Hupa /t͡s̕aʔ/- ‘basket’, Minto /t͡θ̕og/ ‘plate’, Navajo ts'aa' /t͡s̕àːʔ/ ‘shallow basket’, etc.; Eyak /t͡s̕aːk-ɬ/ ‘dipper’; Tlingit s'éex' /s̕íx̕/ ‘dish, plate’.
[edit] Abbreviations
[edit] Notes
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 286-288
- ^ Goddard, Ives (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
- ^ Trask, R. L. (2000). The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
- ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. New York: Columbia University Press. pg. 434
[edit] References
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