Programmed instruction

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Programmed instruction is the name of the technology invented by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner to automate teaching. It was based on his theory of Verbal Behavior as a means to accelerate conventional educational learning.

Contents 1 Programmed Instruction 2 Programmed Learning 3 Personalized System of Instruction 4 Errorless Discrimination 5 Programmed instruction today 6 External links 7 References

[edit] Programmed Instruction

It consists of self-teaching with the aid of a textbook or teaching machine that presents material structured in a logical sequence. Programmed instruction allows students to answer questions about a unit of study at their own rate, checking their own answers and advancing only after answering correctly. After each step, they are presented with a question to test their comprehension, then are immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information.

[edit] Programmed Learning

This idea was later adapted by Robert M. Gagné, who invented programmed learning for use in teaching in schools. The difference between programmed instruction (PI) and programmed learning (PL) is that PI is intended to modify behavior, whereas PL is used for teaching facts and skills.

[edit] Personalized System of Instruction

Personalized System of Instruction or (PSI), developed by Fred S. Keller, was another idea for how to incorporate programmed learning into the classroom.^[1]

[edit] Errorless Discrimination

Programmed instruction is through early efforts to implement Skinner's basic research findings on learning at Harvard that caused errorless discrimination^[2] techniques to be developed.^[3] Programmed instruction had some early success in aphasia rehabilation ^[4].

[edit] Programmed instruction today

While not as popular^[5], programmed instruction continues to be used today. Recently, the application of programmed instruction principles was applied to training in computer programs ^[6][7] and combined with Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy to teach college students ^[8]. Some have argued that there is a resurgence of research on programmed instruction due to use of computers and the internet, ^[9]

[edit] External links

• Programmed Instruction

[edit] References

1. ^ Keller, F.S.(1968) Goodbye Teacher, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis [1]
2. ^ Terrace HS. Discrimination learning with and without “errors” J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jan;6(1):1–27 [2]
3. ^ Skinner, B.F. (1968) Technology of Teaching, index
4. ^ Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. SLP-ABA, 1.(1), 56-64
5. ^ Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. SLP-ABA, 1(1), Page 56-64 BAO
6. ^ Emurian, H.H. (2007). Programmed Instruction for Teaching Java: Consideration of Learn Unit Frequency and Rule-Test Performance. The Behavior Analyst Today, 8( 1), 70-88[3]
7. ^ Emurian, H.H., Holden, H.K., & Abarbanel, R.A. (2008). Managing Programmed Instruction and Collaborative Peer Tutoring in the Classroom: Applications in Teaching Java™. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(2), 576 - 614.
8. ^ Crone-Todd, D. F. & Pear, J.J. (2001) Application of Bloom's Taxonomy to PSI. The Behavior Analyst Today, 2 (3), 204 -215.BAO
9. ^ Eyre, H.L.(2007). Keller’s Personalized System of Instruction: Was it a Fleeting Fancy or is there a Revival on the Horizon?The Behavior Analyst TodayTM Volume 8, No. 3, 317-324. BAO