Proculus of Pozzuoli

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For other saints named Proculus, see Saint Proculus.
Saint Proculus of Pozzuoli
Died ~305 AD, Solfatara
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church; Eastern Orthodox Church
Feast October 18 (Proculus, Eutyches, Acutius), November 16 (Proculus) (both feast days Roman Catholic Church); April 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics); September 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
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Saint Proculus (Proclus) of Pozzuoli (Italian: San Procolo) was martyred around 305 AD, at the same time as Saint Januarius.

He was martyred with:

  • Artemas of Pozzuoli
  • Gantiol

These seven martyrs are first mentioned in relation to the life of Saint Januarius.[1] The martyrs’ relics were translated at various times and to various destinations.[2] Early documents, including the Atti Puteolani and the Acta s. Proculi were kept at the Archivio della Curia of Pozzuoli before being published for the first time in 1867 at Paris by the Jesuit Bollandist Stilting.[3]

In addition, the Atti Bolognesi, conserved in a codex dating from 1180, also provides information about these martyrs; this codex was kept at the Celestine monastery of San Stefano at Bologna.[4] The codex contains the legend of Proculus, based on earlier accounts dating from at least the seventh century.[5]

Contents

[edit] Legend

The legend conserved in the Atti Bolognesi states that during the persecutions carried out by Diocletian, Januarius, bishop of Benevento, escaped from his see and traveled to Pozzuoli "incognito." However, his presence became known to Christians in the area, and Januarius maintained contact with a deacon of Miseno, Sossius, as well as the deacon Festus and the lector Desiderius.

Sossius was soon discovered to be a Christian by the local authorities and he was condemned by the judge Dragontius, who condemned him to be killed by wild bears in the local amphitheater. Januarius, Festus, and Desiderius, on hearing of Sossius’ arrest, took a risk and visited him in prison at the sulphur mines of Pozzuoli, near the volcano of Solfatara.

The authorities discovered that these men were also Christians and they were thrown to the wild beasts as well, but as one modern account states, "...when the animals came near the Saints, they fell affectionately at their feet and refused to harm them."[6]. They were then condemned to be beheaded, along with Sossius.

The deacon Proculus and the laymen Eutyches and Acutius protested this sentence while the other men were being led to their execution. As a result, these three were also decapitated with the others near the Solfatara, on September 19, 305.[7]

[edit] Veneration

The seven eagle heads on the coat-of-arms for the town of Pozzuoli are said to represent seven of these martyrs
The seven eagle heads on the coat-of-arms for the town of Pozzuoli are said to represent seven of these martyrs

The relics of Proculus were first buried in the Calpurnian temple, which was later converted into the cathedral of Pozzuoli.[8]

The bodies of Festus and Desiderius were buried outside Benevento, then translated to the cathedral of that city before being buried in the abbey of Montevergine. [9]

The relics of Sossius were buried at Miseno.[10] When Miseno was destroyed in the 9th century, his relics were moved to Naples and then in 1807 taken to the city of Frattamaggiore, and became a patron saint of that city.[11] There is a church dedicated to him at Miseno.[12][13] Saint-Sozy, in France, takes its name from Sossius

The relics of Eutyches and Acutius were kept at the praetorium Falcidii near the Paleochristian basilica of San Stefano in Puzzuoli.[14] In the second half of the eighth century, they were placed in Naples Cathedral,[15] under the high altar of the cathedral at Naples with the relics of Agrippinus, a bishop of Naples.[16]

According to a ninth century document believed by one scholar to be a fictitious account[17], the bodies of Januarius, Proculus, Eutyches, and Acutius were transported in 871 to Reichenau Island by a Swabian knight. The relics were subject to various inspections throughout the centuries, and in 1964, the bones at Reichenau were determined to be fake and not associated with these Italian martyrs.[18]

Desiderius and Acutius are depicted in a 9th century fresco in the Catacombs of San Gennaro, in Naples.[19]

[edit] Feast days

Ancient dates in the Roman Martyrology are as follows: the feast day for the whole group was formerly September 19, the same feast day as for Januarius; Festus and Desiderius were celebrated on September 7; Sossius on September 23; Proculus, Eutyches, and Acutius, on October 18.[20] November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus at Pozzuoli. St. Proculus was affectionately nicknamed 'u pisciasotto ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of rain.[21] The townspeople also celebrated his feast on the second Sunday in May.[22]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  2. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  3. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  4. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  5. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  6. ^ Hieromartyr Januarius, bishop of Benevento, and his companions: Sosius, Proclus and Festus, deacons, Gantiol, Eutychius, Acutius, and Desiderius, at Puzzuoli (305)
  7. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  8. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  9. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  10. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  11. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  12. ^ Miseno: The Church of St. Sossio
  13. ^ http://www.icampiflegrei.it/Azienda%20Turismo/pozzuoli/articoli2003/novembre_eng.htm
  14. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  15. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  16. ^ http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1109.htm#agri
  17. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  18. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  19. ^ mostra - Romana Pictura, foto
  20. ^ Santi Procolo, Eutiche e Acuzio
  21. ^ http://www.icampiflegrei.it/Azienda%20Turismo/pozzuoli/articoli2003/novembre_eng.htm
  22. ^ http://www.icampiflegrei.it/Azienda%20Turismo/pozzuoli/articoli2003/novembre_eng.htm

[edit] External links

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