Pro-form
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A pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause, or sentence whose meaning is recoverable from the context. They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification (limiting the variables of a proposition).
Pro-forms are divided into several categories according to which part of speech they substitute:
- A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase with or without a determiner: it, this.
- A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase functioning as an adjective: so as in "It is less so than we had expected."
- A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase functioning as an adverb: how or this way.
- A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase: do.
- A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence: Yes or (some have argued) that as in "That is true."
An interrogative pro-form is a pro-form denoting the (unknown) item questioned in a question, and may itself fall into any of the above categories.
One of the most salient features of many modern Indo-European languages is that relative pro-forms and interrogative pro-forms, as well as demonstrative pro-forms in some languages, have identical forms. Consider the two different functions of who in "Who's the criminal who did this?" or the meanings of that in "That's the movie that you saw back home."
Most other language families do not have this ambiguity, nor do several ancient Indo-European languages. For example, both Latin and Ancient Greek distinguish the relative pro-forms from the interrogative pro-forms.
[edit] Table of correlatives
L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, called a table of systematic interrogative, demonstrative, and quantifier pro-forms and determiners in a language a table of correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows.
| interrogative | demonstrative | quantifier | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proximal | distal | existential | free choice | universal | negative | |||
| determiner | which what |
this (sg.) these (pl.) |
that (sg.) those (pl.) |
some | any whichever whichsoever |
every each all |
no | |
| pronoun | human | who whom |
this (sg.) these (pl.) |
that (sg.) those (pl.) |
someone somebody |
anyone anybody whoever whomever whosoever whomsoever |
everyone everybody all |
no one nobody |
| nonhuman | what | this (sg.) these (pl.) |
that (sg.) those (pl.) |
something | anything whatever whatsoever |
everything all |
nothing | |
| out of two | which | this (sg.) these (pl.) |
that (sg.) those (pl.) |
one | either whichever whichsoever |
both | neither | |
| out of many | some one |
any whichever whichsoever |
each all |
none | ||||
| pro-adverb | location | where | here | there | somewhere | anywhere wherever wheresoever |
everywhere | nowhere |
| source | whence wherefrom |
hence | thence thencefrom |
whenceever whencesoever |
nowhence | |||
| goal | whither whereto whereinto whereunto |
hither | thither | somewhither | anywhither whithersoever |
nowhither | ||
| time | when | now | then | sometime | anytime whenever whensoever |
always everywhen |
never | |
| manner | how whereby |
thus hereby |
thereby | somehow | anyhow however howsoever |
no wise nohow (col.) |
||
| reason | why wherefore |
therefore | ||||||
Some languages may have more categories. See demonstrative.
Note that some categories are regular and some are not. They may be regular or irregular also depending on languages. The following chart shows comparison between English, French (irregular), and Japanese (regular):
| interrogative | quantifier | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| existential | negative | ||
| human | who qui dare |
someone quelqu'un dareka |
no one personne daremo |
| nonhuman | what que nani |
something quelque chose nanika |
nothing rien nanimo |
| location | where où doko |
somewhere quelque part dokoka |
nowhere nulle part dokomo |
(Note that "daremo", "nanimo" and "dokomo" are universal quantifiers with positive verbs. )
Some languages don't distinguish interrogative and indefinite pro-forms. In Mandarin, "Shéi yǒu wèntí?" means either "Who has a question?" or "Does anyone have a question?" depending on context.
