Prince Nashimoto (Morimasa)
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| HIH Prince Nashimoto Morimasa | |
|---|---|
| 9 March 1874 - 2 January 1951 | |
 His Imperial Highness Nashimoto (Morimasa) |
|
| Place of birth | Kyoto, Japan |
| Place of death | Tokyo, Japan |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch |  Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1899 -1944 |
| Rank | Field Marshal |
| Battles/wars | Russo-Japanese War World War II |
His Imperial Highness Prince Nashimoto (Morimasa) (梨本宮守正王 Nashimoto no miya Morimasa ō?) of Japan (9 March 1874 - 2 January 1951) was a member of the Japanese imperial family, field marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army. An uncle-in-law of Emperor Shōwa, an uncle of his consort, Empress Kōjun, and the father-in-law of Crown Prince Euimin of Korea, Prince Nashimoto was the only member of the imperial family arrested for war crimes during the American occupation of Japan following the Second World War.
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[edit] Early life
Prince Nashimoto Morimasa was born in Kyoto, the fourth son of Prince Kuni Asahiko (Kuni no miya Asahiko Shinnō) and Harada Mitsue, a court lady. His father, a prince of the blood and one-time Buddhist priest, was the head of one of the oke collateral branches of the imperial family created during the early Meiji period. Originally named Prince Tada, his half-brothers included Prince Kaya Kuninori, Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, Prince Asaka Yasuhiko, Prince Kuni Taka, and Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi.
On 2 December 1885, the Emperor Meiji named him successor to the Nashimoto-no-miya, another cadet branch of the imperial family. He adopted the personal name "Morimasa" the following year.
[edit] Family
On 28 November 1900, Prince Nashimoto married Nabeshima Itsuko (2 February 1882 - 18 August 1976), the second daughter of Marquis Nabeshima Naohiro, a former Japanese ambassador to Italy and the son of the last feudal lord (daimyo) of Saga. Itsuko was the maternal aunt of the late Princess Chichibu. The couple had two daughters.
At the instigation of the Japanese government and the Imperial Household Ministry, the couple's eldest daughter, Princess Masako (4 November 1901 - 30 April 1989), married the half-brother and heir of Korea's last monarch, Crown Prince Euimin (20 October 1897 - 1 May 1970) in 1920. Prince Nashimoto's second daughter, Princess Noriko (1907 - 1992), married Count Hirohashi Tadamitsu in 1926.
[edit] Military career
Like the other princes of the imperial blood at the time, Prince Nashimoto Morimasa pursued a military career. Educated at the Central Military Preparatory School and the Imperial Japanese Army Academy, he received a commission as a second lieutenant in the IJA 39th Infantry Regiment in 1899. In 1903, he went to the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr at St. Cyr, but returned to Japan the following year and served with his regiment as a captain under General Yasukata Oku in the Russo-Japanese War. Prince Nashimoto then returned to France in August 1906 and remained until July 1909. The Prince rose to the rank of major of the Infantry in 1906, lieutenant colonel in 1908, and colonel in 1910. He was promoted to lieutenant general and commander of the IJA 16th Division in August 1917.
Prince Nashimoto became a member of the Supreme Military Council in November 1919 and was promoted to the rank of general in August 1922. On 8 August 1932, he was given the largely honorary rank of field marshal and became a member of the Board of Marshals and Fleet Admirals. However, the prince held no major military commands during the Pacific War (1931- 1945). Unlike Prince Asaka and Prince Higashikuni, he remained largely removed from the mounting radicalism within the army, which culminated in the February 26 Incident of 1936. In October 1937, he became chief priest (sasu) of the Ise Shrine, upon the death of his half-brother, Prince Kuni Taka.
Prince Nashimoto retired from the active list aged 70 in 1944. The Prince was the honorary president of the Franco-Japanese Society, the Japan Forestry Association, the Japan Agricultural Association, the Imperial Air-Association, the Japan Martial Arts Association, and the Italian Society of Japan.
[edit] Post war
On 2 December 1945, General Douglas MacArthur, the military governor of Japan during the American Occupation, ordered the arrest of Prince Nashimoto as a "class A" war criminal, largely for his role in supporting State Shintoism. (Prince Nashimoto was the chief priest of the Grand Shrine of Ise from 1937 until 1947). Prince Nashimoto was also the second most senior member of the Imperial Family (after Prince Kan'in) during World War II.
The prince's arrest caused great consternation among the Japanese, because it opened the possibility that Emperor Shōwa and more senior members of the imperial household might face prosecution for war crimes. Few people on either side regarded Prince Nashimoto was more than a symbol, but he was regarded more as a hostage to ensure Emperor Shōwa's compliance with American-directed political reforms. After four month's imprisonment in Tokyo's Sugamo Prison, American authorities released him without charges on 13 April 1946. By action of the reconstituted Imperial Household Council, Prince and Princess Nashimoto were divested of their imperial status and became commoners on 14 October 1947.
However, unlike other former members of the Japanese imperial family, the American Occupation authorities (SCAP) purged former Prince Nashimoto allegedly because of his military career, denying him any compensation for the loss of his title and properties. American bombing raids had already destroyed his Tokyo residence, and he was forced to sell his country villa to pay for taxes. He spent his last years in poverty and obscurity, unlike many other former nobles with more extensive (and questionable) war records.
He died of a heart attack on 2 January 1951 at the age of 76. His widow, former Princess Nashimoto Itsuko, maintained close ties to the Imperial Household until her death in August 1976. She published her memoirs under the title Nashimoto-no-miya Itsuko-ohi Nikki (The Memoirs of Princess Nashimoto Itsuko) in 1972.
[edit] References
- Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
- Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Belknap Press. ISBN 0674009916.
- Lebra, Sugiyama Takie (1995). Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07602-8.
- Minear, Richard (2001). Victors' Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. University of Michigan. ISBN 1929280068.
