Primera División Argentina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Primera División Argentina | |
|---|---|
| Current season or competition: Torneo Clausura 2008 |
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| Sport | Football |
| Founded | 1931 |
| No. of teams | 20 |
| Country(ies) |  Argentina |
| Most recent champion(s) |
River Plate |
| TV partner(s) | TyC Sports, TyC Max, Fox Sports, Fox Soccer Channel, SporTV, Chilevisión, Digital+, CCTV |
Primera División (English: First Division) is the top category of Argentine Football, and is organized by the Argentine Football Association. It was founded in 1931, and currently, there are 20 teams in the first division.
The Argentine league is regarded as one of the strongest leagues in football world. Teams from Argentina have won the Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana and the now defunct Intercontinental Cup more than any other country.
Clausura 2008, the most recent tournament, was won by River Plate, who is also the most successful club in the league's history with 33 championships.
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[edit] Format
The 20 teams play two single round-robin tournaments each year: the Clausura, from February to June, and the Apertura, from August to December. Thus, there are two champions each season. Unlike most European countries, Argentina has no official cup competition.
The names of the tournaments, "Clausura", literally means Closing, and "Apertura", literally means Opening, reflect Northern Hemisphere sports seasons. This scheme was introduced in 1990 to replace the austral season, and was at the time alien to Argentines — who live in the Southern Hemisphere and are used to sports seasons that span a single calendar year (for example 2004, as opposed to 2004/05). Since then, many South and Central American leagues adopted the format, including Uruguay, Mexico and Chile, although Uruguay is to return to austral season in 2009.
[edit] 2007-08 teams
[edit] Relegation and promotion
Relegation is based on an averaging system. At the end of each season, the two teams with the worst three-year averages are relegated, and the best two teams in the second division are promoted. The teams placed 17th and 18th in the averages table play the "promoción", a promotion and relegation playoff, against the 4th and 3rd second division teams respectively in a two-leg format decided on points but not aggregate goals, like the format of Copa Libertadores from 1960 to 1987. Thus, the number of teams promoted each year varies between two and four. Newly-promoted teams only average the seasons since their last promotion.
Averaging was instituted in 1983, two years after San Lorenzo de Almagro were relegated in 1981. That year, River Plate finished 18th out of 19 teams and would have been relegated under the old system. Racing Club and Nueva Chicago were the first teams to be relegated on average.[1] Boca Juniors was also struggling at that time and had a dismal 1984 season. These facts have led some to speculate that the averaging system was instituted to minimize the chance of large clubs being relegated.
[edit] International competitions
Traditionally, two teams from Argentina have played in the Copa Libertadores each year. Since 1987, CONMEBOL has arranged other competitions, originally the now-extinct Supercopa, then Copa CONMEBOL, and lastly Copa Mercosur, all replaced by the Copa Sudamericana now. The number of Argentine teams playing the Libertadores has also gone up to five. Thus, at least five teams have an international schedule in addition to their league commitments.
Owing to the outstanding performance of Argentine clubs in international competitions, like having won the Cupa Libertadores, Cupa Sudamericana and now defunct Intercontinental Cup for the largest number of times, Primera División is often considered one of the strongest leagues in the world. For example, it is consistently included in the top five or top ten strongest leagues in the world by International Federation of Football History and Statistics.
[edit] Copa Libertadores
- For details of the past qualifying methods of Copa Libertadores, see Qualifying method of Copa Libertadores in Argentina
Historically, the results of the previous season determine the participation in these international competitions. The places of Copa Libertadores are allocated to the champions of Apertura and Clausura of the previous season, as well as the three best teams which have gained the highest number of points considering the combined talbe of Apertura and Clausura, besides the two champions. For example, Copa Libertadores 2008 was represented by Apertura 2006 champion Estudiantes, Clausura 2007 champion San Lorenzo, and the three best placed teams in the combined table of Apertura 2006 and Clausura 2007. Though Apertura 2007 was held much closer to Copa Libertadores 2008, the champion of Apertura 2007 cannot get the place because Apertura 2007 was considered to be the same season of Copa Libertadores 2008. So, champions of the Apertura have to wait for more than a year to play in the Copa Libertadores.
For Copa Libertadores 2009, the qualification criteria are changed. The champions of previous season's Apertura and Clausura, and the Apertura of the same season are also eligible to play in Copa Libertadores. The remaining two places are filled by the best two teams in the combined table of these three tournaments. For example, Copa Libertadores 2009 would be represented by the Apertura 2007 champion, Clausura 2008 champion and also Apertura 2008 champion. The remaining places are allocated to the two teams having the highest points in the combined talbe of these three tournaments. The Argentine Football Association has not announced the qualification arrangment beyond 2009. However, it is believed that teams will qualify to the tournament according to the results of Clausura and Apertura of the year before. For example, thoes five teams having the most points in the combined table of Clausura 2009 and Apertura 2009 would qualify to Copa Libertadores 2010.
The Copa Libertadores remains the most prestigious competition in South America, and the Primera División Argentina was the most successful league in the cup's history, having won the competition for 21 times ; Independiente has a record seven wins, followed by Boca with six, Estudiantes with three, River Plate with two, and Racing Club, Argentinos Juniors and Vélez Sársfield with one apiece.
[edit] Copa Sudamericana
For Copa Sudamericana, Boca Juniors and River Plate join the cup every season by invitation from CONMEBOL, regardless of their results in the Primera División. Besides, the four best placed teams from the combined points totals in the previous season's Apertura and Clausura would also qualify to the tournament. As three of five places of Copa Libertadores are also allocated according to the combined table, teams can qualify to both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana through the same mechanism and Argentina teams in these two tournament are usually highly overlapped. For example, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata, Banfield and Vélez Sársfield qualified to both Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana owing to their results in the aggregate table in season 2005/06.
The Primera División Argentina is the most successful league in this competition, having won the trophy four times since its inception in 2002.
[edit] History
[edit] Amateur era: 1891-1931
In 1891 Argentina was the first country outside the United Kingdom to establish a football league. During the amateur era, Racing Club and Alumni Athletic Club were the most successful teams, with both of them won championships for nine times.
[edit] Professionalization: 1931-1966
Professionalism was instituted in 1931. In the early years, only teams from Buenos Aires, Greater Buenos Aires (notably Avellaneda) and La Plata were affiliated to the national association. Teams from Rosario and Santa Fé joined in later years.
A single double round-robin tournament was played each year, and the team with the most points was crowned as champion, except for 1936, during that year the winners of Copa de Honor and the Campeonato played a match for the championship title. The single tournament arrangement lasted until 1966.
During this period, the traditional "big five" clubs, namely, Boca Juniors, River Plate, Independiente, Racing and San Lorenzo dominated Argentine football. No any team besides them had won the league championship in these 36 years[2][3][4][5]. The most serious title challenge came from Banfield in 1951, when they gained the same points with Racing Club in the league table. However, they lost 1-0 in the two-legged first place playoffs and gave the title to Racing[6].
[edit] The Metropolitano and Nacional: 1967-1985
In 1967, the single tournament format was abandoned and replaced by two championships in each year: the Metropolitano and the Nacional. The Metropolitano only allowed clubs competing the old tournament to participate, while the Nacional was open to teams from regional tournament[7]. The format of competition was also altered, with the double round-robin tournament be placed by the two-group championship Metropolitano and single round-robin Nacional in that year.
This change brought about a revolution in Argentine football, as small teams, like Estudiantes de La Plata at first, and Vélez Sársfield, Chacarita Juniors and others in later years, broke down the hegemony of the five clubs who had won all the championships up to that date.
[edit] 1967-1969
The Metropolitano and Nacional had gone through several format changes throughout the period. In the first three years, the Metropolitano was a two-group championship, with the best two teams from each group competing the semi-finals of the knock-out stage[8].
The six best teams of each group would advance to the Nacional, with four more teams coming from regional tournaments, to compete for the Nacional championship in a single round-robin format. The seventh and eighth team of each group, alongside four teams from regional tournaments, played the Promocional tournament, which, in 1969, was replaced by the Petit tournament contested without regional teams.The ninth to twelfth teams of each group entered the Reclasificatorio tournament to determine the relegating teams[9].
[edit] 1970-1985
In 1970, the format of the Metropolitano and Nacional underwent a reform. Since that year, and until 1985, the Nacional had become a group tournament with playoffs, while the Metropolitano had been competed under a single or double round-robin system, except for the 1974, 1976 and 1979 edition, which were also contested as a group tournament with playoffs[10][11].
Despite the format change in 1970, teams still entered the Nacional championship, Petit tournament and Reclasificatorio tournament according to their rankings in the Metropolitano in that year. However, in 1971, the tournaments were separated. Teams did not enter the Nacional by finishing at the top ranks of Metropolitano. On the other hand, the Petit tournament and Reclasificatorio tournament were abandoned. The Metropolitano and Nacional became two truly individual tournaments. Although the old system was reused in 1972, the separation was instituted again in 1973 and was adopted throughout the remaining Metropolitano and Nacional era.
The Metropolitano was always played first, until the order of the tournaments was reversed in 1982[12].
[edit] European style seasons: 1985-1990
Following the advice of Argentina national football team's then coach Carlos Salvador Bilardo, the structure of play was modified in 1985. Traditionally, like other countries in Southern Hemisphere, football season began and ended according to the calendar year. However, upon the reform, European style season was adopted for the first time among all the South American countries. Moreover, instead of holding two championships every year, only one double round-robin tournament was contested, like football leagues in Europe. The teams topping the table at the end of season was crowned the champion.
In 1985, after the Nacional was played, the Metropolitano was not held, while the new single tournament (1985/86) was played for the first time.
In 1988/89 season, three points were given to match winners. If a draw occurred, penalty shootout was taken place and the winner of the shootout would get two points while the loser still had one. This format was wavied in the following season.
[edit] The Apertura and Clausura: 1991-now
Five years later, the single championship was split into two single-round tournaments, giving birth to the current Apertura and Clausura arrangement. In 1991 the two champions played winner-take-all matches. This practice was very controversial, especially since one of the biggest teams Boca Juniors lost the finals against Newell's Old Boys, costing them their first official championship since 1981 despite an unbeaten run in the Clausura. In 1992 the game was held as well (This time between Newell's Old Boys and River Plate), but regardless of the result (which favored River Plate) both teams were awarded the title of Champion. After 1992, the practice was quickly abandoned, so that two champions (on equal footing) are crowned every season and no deciding game is played.
Originally, two points were given to match winners except the 1989/90 season. In 1995/96, the rule was changed and three points were given for a win, one for a draw and null for a loss since then.
Even though the current structure provides provincial teams a road to promotion, teams from the Buenos Aires-Rosario axis still dominate. Only one team from outside this axis has ever won a title (Estudiantes LP, 4 times), and a reversal of this trend is unlikely to occur in the foreseeable future.
[edit] League champions in professional era
- For Amateur Era champions see Champions 1891-1930
1: During the 1990/91 season the Apertura and Clausura were won by Newell's Old Boys and Boca Juniors, respectively. The AFA decided prior to the start to decide the champion between the winner of each tournament in two finals. These finals were held at the same time the national team was in Chile playing that year's Copa America and each team was allowed to bring in new players to substitute those playing for the national team. Newell's won the home-and-away series on penalty kicks and was then crowned the only champion for that season. Due to the controversy that this generated (especially since Boca could've ended a 10-year drought) starting in the 1991/92 season each tournament crowned an official Champion. After the 91-92 season River Plate (Apertura Champion) beat Newell's Old Boys (Clausura Champion) in three matches but these games didn't decide the title, only who was the first team to qualify for the Libertadores Cup 1993 (Newell's Old Boys then beat Octogonal Tournament winner Vélez Sársfield for the second spot).[13]
[edit] Top-three finishes
| Club | Champions | Runners-up | Third Place/ Semi-final |
|---|---|---|---|
| River Plate | 33 | 25 | 13 |
| Boca Juniors | 22 | 17 | 14 |
| Independiente | 14 | 14 | 11 |
| San Lorenzo de Almagro | 10 | 11 | 13 |
| Racing | 7 | 6 | 12 |
| Vélez Sársfield | 6 | 7 | 10 |
| Newell's Old Boys | 5 | 2 | 6 |
| Rosario Central | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Estudiantes de La Plata | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| Ferro Carril Oeste | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Argentinos Juniors | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Huracán | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Lanús | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Quilmes | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Chacarita Juniors | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata | 0 | 5 | 4 |
| Banfield | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Talleres | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Unión | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Colón | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Racing de Córdoba | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Tigre | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Deportivo Español | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Platense | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Atlanta | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Atlético Tucumán | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Temperley | 0 | 0 | 1 |
[edit] Other official competitions
Other than the league tournaments, AFA also officially recognizes three other competitions.
- Copa Suecia in 1958, which was held when the league was interrupted by the 1958 World Cup and was won by Atlanta
- Copa Argentina in 1969, which was contested as the qualifying competition for Copa Ganadores de Copa 1970 and was won by Boca Juniors
- Copa Centenario in 1993/94, which celebrated AFA's 100th anniversary and was won by Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
These three competitions are not considered league tournaments, but the competitions are official and the championships are regarded as official titles. For example, there are "two stars" on the jersey of Gimnasia y Esgrima, represeting the title of Copa Centenario and their only league title in 1929.
[edit] Topscorers
[edit] Records
- Paraguayan Arsenio Erico (C.A. Independiente) is the league's all-time top scorer with 293 goals in 332 matches between 1934 and 1947. He also holds the record for most goals in one season; 47 in 1937. (See:Top 10 scorers of Argentina)
- Bernabé Ferreyra is the scorer with the highest goal average: 206 goals in 197 matches, averaging 1.04 goals per match. Moreover, he holds the record for highest goal average in a single tournament, with 43 goals in 32 matches (averaging 1,34 goals per match) in 1932.
- Diego Armando Maradona was top scorer in five tournaments (1978M, 1979M, 1979N, 1980M, 1980N), all of them with Argentinos Juniors. He is followed by Luis Artime and Carlos Bianchi who were top scorers 4 times.
- Diego Armando Maradona is also the youngest ever top scorer in the Argentine top flight; he was only 17 when he topscored in 1978M.
- Sergio Agüero became the youngest player ever to appear in the Primera, taking the record previously held by Diego Maradona. On July 7, 2003 he appeared for C.A. Independiente at the age of just 15 years and 35 days.
- Héctor Scotta scored the highest number of goals in a single calendar year (60 goals for San Lorenzo in 1975: 32 in 1975M and a further 28 in 1975N).
- The tournament with the highest goal average was in 1938, with 4.9 goals per match.
- Independiente hold the record for the most goals in a season, they scored 115 in 1938.
- Daniel Passarella is the league's top scoring defender with 99 goals in 238 matches.
- Carlos Dantón Seppaquercia scored the fastest goal ever in the Argentine First Division against Huracán for Gimnasia y Esgrima LP. he scored after only 5 seconds, on March 20, 1979.
- Eduardo Maglioni scored 3 goals in just 1 minute and 51 seconds, playing for Independiente against Gimnasia y Esgrima LP on March 18, 1973. This feat gave him the world record for the fastest ever hat trick.
- Paraguayan José Luis Chilavert is the league's top scoring goalkeeper with 36 goals playing for Vélez Sarsfield.
- The first ever goalkeeper to score in top flight Argentine football was Eduardo Alterio, he scored a penalty against Tigre for Chacarita Juniors in 1931.
- Goalkeeper Carlos Barisio holds the record for a clean sheet. Playing for Ferro Carril Oeste in 1981 he didn't concede a goal for 1075 minutes. This included a run of 10 complete games without conceding a goal.
- Pedro Catalano, a goalkeeper for Deportivo Español holds the record for most consecutive matches, with run of 333 uninterrupted matches between July 27, 1986 and November 29, 1994.
- The record for the highest number of games in the league is held by Hugo Orlando Gatti, with 765 for Atlanta, River Plate, Gimnasia LP, Unión and Boca Juniors.
- The record for the highest number of games for a single club is held by Ricardo Bochini, who played 638 games for Independiente between 1972 and 1991.
- Boca Juniors set the record for the longest unbeaten run; they went 40 games without losing. The run started during Clausura 1998 and extended through Apertura 1998 and Clausura 1999. Boca won 1998A and 1999C under the management of Carlos Bianchi.
- Banfield hold the record for the longest unbeaten run in home games; they didn't lose in their own stadium for 49 matches between 1950 and 1953.
- San Lorenzo hold the record for the longest winning streak; they amassed 13 consecutive victories between Clausura 2001 and Apertura 2001.
- River Plate hold the record for the longest winning streak playing away from home; they won 11 consecutive matches on the road between 1937 and 1938.
- Racing Club hold the record for the longest sequence of tied matches; they drew 10 league games in a row between April 20 and October 14, 1990.
- River Plate are the most successful team in Argentine domestic football; they have been champions of Argentina 33 times in the professional era and once in the amateur era.
- Racing Club won the championship with the most points during the Campeonato de Primera División system (1931-1966), with 61 points in 1966.
- River Plate won the championship with the most points in the Nacional with 63 points in 1977.
- San Lorenzo won the championship with most points since the Apertura/Clausura scheme started, with 47 points in the Clausura 2001.
- 4 teams have won the championship without losing a game. San Lorenzo achieved it twice in Metro 1968 and Nacional 1972. Ferro Carril Oeste in Nacional 1982, River Plate in Apertura 1994 and Boca Juniors in Apertura 1998.
- Boca Juniors are the only team who have won at least one title in every decade.
- Rosario Central are the only team to have won a championship in the season following promotion to the Primera, in 1986-1987
- River Plate and Racing Club are the only clubs ever to win 3 back to back championships. Racing Club achieved the feat in 1949, 1950 and 1951. River Plate have achieved the feat 3 times. 1955, 1956 and 1957. 1979M, 1979N and 1980M. Apertura 1996, Clausura 1997 and Apertura 1997.
- River Plate are the only four times consecutive runner up from Nacional 1968 to Metropolitano 1970.
- The three teams never to have suffered relegation are River Plate, C.A. Independiente and Boca Juniors
- The worst campaign by a team was in 1939, when Argentino de Quilmes finished with 4 points in 34 matches without a single victory.
- Ferro Carril Oeste set the record for the longest run without scoring, they amassed 875 minutes without a goal between Apertura 1998 and Clausura 1999.
- Talleres de Córdoba were probably the best team ever to suffer relegation, they finished 3rd in the Clausura 2004 championship, but they were relegated by the points aggregate system, which relegates the teams with the worst points averages over the last 3 seasons.
- Roberto Trotta holds the record for the most sendings off, he received 17 red cards in total, playing for Estudiantes, Vélez Sársfield, River Plate, Racing Club and Unión.
- Platense set the record for the most number of managers in one season. They had 8 different managers in the 1966 championship.
- Atlanta set the record for the most number of players in a season, they used 62 different players in 1932.
- Only 2 managers have won 3 titles with 3 different teams. José Yudica won M1978 with Quilmes, 1985N with Argentinos Juniors and 1987/88 with Newell's Old Boys. Américo Gallego won Ap. 94 and Cl. 00 with River Plate Ap. 02 with C.A. Independiente and Ap. 04 with Newell's Old Boys.
- The two most successful managers have won 7 titles each. Angel Labruna won 7 titles with Rosario Central and River Plate. Carlos Bianchi won his 7 titles with Vélez Sársfield and Boca Juniors.
- The world record for the longest penalty shootout occurred in a league match when Argentinos Juniors beat Racing Club 20:19 on a penalty shootout after 44 penalties were taken in 1988. The rules of the time granted an extra point for the winner on penalties after a tied match.
- The highest scoring games in the Argentine top flight were;Huracán 10 - 4 Rosario Central in 1945, Racing Club 11 - 3 Rosario Central in 1960, and Banfield 13 - 1 Puerto Comercial (Bahía Blanca) in Nacional 1974.
- The match between Banfield and Puerto Comercial (Bahía Blanca), also holds another 3 records: Juan Taverna scored 7 goals which is the most goals by a player in a single match. The most goals scored by a team in a single match with 13, and the Argentine the record for the largest margin of victory ever (12 goals).
- The match between Chacarita Juniors and Argentino de Quilmes in 1939 that Chacarita won 5-1, was the match with most headed goals, and the most headed goals by a player in a single match. Fabio Juan Cassán headed 4 goals, and Argentino de Quilmes also scored with a header, totaling 5 goals for the match.
- In 1941 Uruguayan goalkeeper Horacio Granero, who had been hired by Atlanta was fired after 3 matches: Atlanta lost 5-0 to River Plate, 7-2 to Boca Juniors, and drew 6-6 with Estudiantes, totaling 18 goals conceded and an average of 6 goals per match.
- The 6-6 draw between Atlanta and Estudiantes is the equal highest score draw ever, the only other time this score has occurred was in Clausura 2000, Gimnasia LP 6-6 Colón.
[edit] See also
- Argentine Football Association
- List of football clubs in Argentina
- Argentine football league system
- Apertura and Clausura in Argentine football
- Football in Argentina
- Copa Centenario de la AFA
- Qualifying method of Copa Libertadores in Argentina
- List of Argentine football announcers
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1980s.html
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1930s.html
- ^ Final Tables Argentina 1941-1950
- ^ Final Tables Argentina 1951-1960
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1960s.html
- ^ Final Tables Argentina 1951-1960
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1960s.html
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1960s.html
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1960s.html
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1970s.html
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1980s.html
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arghist-pro1980s.html
- ^ Argentina 1991/92
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