Preterite-present verb
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Following the convention in historical linguistics, this article marks unattested reconstructed words with an asterisk.
The preterite-present verbs are a small group of anomalous verbs in the Germanic languages which have acquired a present meaning from a perfect form. For example, Proto-Indo-European *woida, "I have seen", which is attested in Latin vīdī (same meaning) became Gothic wait meaning "I know". The present tense thus has the form of a vocalic (strong) preterite, with vowel-alternation between singular and plural. A new weak preterite is formed with a dental suffix.
| Gothic | Old English | German | Old Norse | Icelandic | Danish | Swedish | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | witan | witan | wissen | vita | vita | vide | veta |
| present 1st & 3rd sg | wait | wāt | weiß | veit | veit | ved | vet |
| present 3rd pl | witun | witon | wissen | vitu | vita | ved | (veten)* |
| preterite 1st & 3rd sg | wissa | wisse | wußte | vissa/vissi | vissi | vidste | visste |
| present participle | witands | witende | wissend | vitandi | vitandi | vidende | vetande |
| past participle | witans | gewiten | gewußt | vitat | vitað | vidst | vetat** |
| *(Considered extremely archaic, plural forms have generally been lost in modern Swedish.) **(Actually, not the past participle but the supine.) |
|||||||
[edit] In Proto-Germanic
The known verbs in Proto-Germanic:
| Infinitive | Meaning | Class | Present | Preterite |
| *witana | "know" | I | wait | wissa |
| *lisana | "know" | I | lais | lissa |
| *aigana | "have", "own" | I | aig | aihta |
| *dugana | "be useful" | II | daug | duhta |
| *unnana | "grant" | III | ann | unþa |
| *kunnana | "know (how to)", later "can" | III | kann | kunþa |
| *þurbana | "need" | III | þarb | þurfta |
| *dursana | "dare" | III | dars | dursta |
| *skulana | "must", later "shall" | IV | skal | skulda |
| *munana | "think" | IV | man | munda |
| *gamunana | "remember" | IV | gaman | gamunda |
| *binugana | "behoove" | V | binag | binuhta |
| *ganugana | "be enough" | V | ganag | ganuhta |
| *magana | "can", later "may" | VI | mag | mahta |
| *ōgana | "fear" | VI | ōg | ōhta |
| *mōtana | "may", later "must" | VI | mōt | mōsta |
| *gamōtana | "have room" | VI | gamōt | gamōsta |
In modern English, preterite-present verbs are identifiable by the absence of an -s suffix on the 3rd person singular present tense form. Compare. for instance, he can with he sings (pret. he sang); the present paradigm of can is thus parallel with the past tense of a strong verb. In modern German there is also an ablaut shift between singular ich kann (I can) and plural wir können (we can). In the older stages of the Germanic languages (Old English, Middle High German) the past tense of strong verbs also showed different ablaut grades in singular and plural.
Many of the preterite-present verbs function as modal verbs (auxiliaries which are followed by a bare infinitive, without "to") and indeed most of the traditional modal verbs are preterite-presents. Examples are English must and shall/should, German dürfen (may), sollen (ought), mögen (like), and müssen (must). The early history of will (German wollen) is more complicated, as it goes back to an Indo-European optative, but the result in the modern languages is likewise a preterite-present paradigm.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
