Premature ovarian failure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Premature ovarian failure Classification and external resources |
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| ICD-10 | E28.3 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 256.31 |
| DiseasesDB | 9441 |
| eMedicine | med/1700 |
| MeSH | D016649 |
Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), also known as primary ovarian insufficiency, is the loss of function of the ovaries before age 40.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Incidence/prevalence
It has been estimated that POF affects 1% of the population.[2] It affects approximately 1-4% of the female population in the U.S., which is about 150,000.[citation needed]
[edit] Presentation
Normally, ovaries supply women with eggs until about age 51, the average age of natural menopause.
POF is not the same as a natural menopause, in that the dysfunction of the ovaries, loss of eggs, or removal of the ovaries at a young age is not a natural physiological occurrence.
Infertility is the result of this condition, and is the most discussed problem resulting from it, but there are additional health implications of the problem, and studies are ongoing. For example, osteoporosis or decreased bone density affects almost all women with POF due to an insufficiency of estrogen. There is also an increased risk of heart disease, hypothyroidism in the form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, and other auto-immune disorders.
Hormonally, POF is defined by abnormally low levels of estrogen and high levels of FSH, which demonstrate that the ovaries are no longer responding to circulating FSH by producing estrogen and developing fertile eggs. The ovaries will likely appear shriveled.
Age of onset can be as early as the teenage years but varies widely. If a girl never begins menstruation, it is called primary ovarian failure. The age of 40 was chosen as the cut-off point for a diagnosis of POF. This age was chosen somewhat arbitrarily, as all women's ovaries decline in function over time, however an age needed to be chosen to distinguish usual menopause from the abnormal state of premature menopause. Premature ovarian failure however often has components to it that distinguish it from normal menopause.
By the age of 40, approximately one percent of women have POF.[3] Women suffering from POF usually experience menopausal symptoms, which are generally more severe than the symptoms found in older menopausal women.
[edit] Causes
The cause of POF is usually idiopathic. Some cases of POF are attributed to autoimmune disorders, others to genetic disorders such as Turner syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. In many cases, the cause cannot be determined. Chemotherapy and radiation treatments for cancer can sometimes cause ovarian failure. In natural menopause, the ovaries usually continue to produce low levels of hormones, but in chemotherapy or radiation-induced POF, the ovaries will often cease all functioning and hormone levels will be similar to those of a woman whose ovaries have been removed. Women who have had their tubes tied, or who have had hysterectomies, tend to go through menopause several years earlier than average, likely due to decreased blood flow to the ovaries. Family history and ovarian or other pelvic surgery earlier in life are also implicated as risk factors for POF.
The POF Fact Sheet lists potential causes of POF:
English: http://www.pofsupport.org/information/factsheet/fact_sheet_english.pdf
[edit] Laboratory
Serum Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicule-Stimulating hormone (FSH) measurement can be used to diagnose the disease. The anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH at high levels due to the dysfunction of the ovaries and consequent low estrogen levels.
[edit] Fertility
Between 5 and 10 percent of women with POF may spontaneously become pregnant. Currently no fertility treatment has been found to effectively increase fertility in women with POF, and the use of donor eggs and adoption have become more popular as a means of becoming parents for women with POF. Some women with POF choose to live child-free.
[edit] Related Conditions
[edit] References
- ^ Medical Terminology Glossary. Retrieved on 2008-01-27.
- ^ Chatterjee S, Modi D, Maitra A, et al (2007). "Screening for FOXL2 gene mutations in women with premature ovarian failure: an Indian experience". Reprod. Biomed. Online 15 (5): 554–60. PMID 18028747.
- ^ Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L (2006). "Premature ovarian failure". Orphanet J Rare Dis 1: 9. doi:. PMID 16722528.
[edit] External links
- National Institutes of Health publication No. 03-5159, Do I have Premature Ovarian Failure?
- National Institutes of Health's Premature Ovarian Failure website
- "What's The Best Approach To Spontaneous Premature Ovarian Failure?", by Dr. Lawrence Nelson, Principal Investigator at NIH for POF research studies/clinical trials.
- NIH News Release about a related, potentially fatal adrenal condition.
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