Power series method

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In mathematics, the power series method is used to seek a power series solution to certain differential equations.

[edit] Method

Consider the second-order linear differential equation

a_2(z)f''(z)+a_1(z)f'(z)+a_0(z)f(z)=0\;\!

Suppose a2 is nonzero for all z. Then we can divide throughout to obtain

f''+{a_1(z)\over a_2(z)}f'+{a_0(z)\over a_2(z)}f=0

Suppose further that a1/a2 and a0/a2 are analytic functions.

The power series method calls for the construction of a power series solution

f=\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k

If a2 is zero for some z, then the Frobenius method, a variation on this method, is suited to deal with so called singular points.

[edit] Example usage

Let us look at the Hermite differential equation,

f''-2zf'+\lambda f=0;\;\lambda=1

We can try and construct a series solution

f=\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k
f'=\sum_{k=0}^\infty kA_kz^{k-1}
f''=\sum_{k=0}^\infty k(k-1)A_kz^{k-2}

Substituting these in the differential equation

\sum_{k=0}^\infty k(k-1)A_kz^{k-2}-2z\sum_{k=0}^\infty kA_kz^{k-1}+\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k=0
=\sum_{k=0}^\infty k(k-1)A_kz^{k-2}-\sum_{k=0}^\infty 2kA_kz^k+\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k

Making a shift on the first sum

=\sum_{k+2=0}^\infty (k+2)((k+2)-1)A_{k+2}z^{(k+2)-2}-\sum_{k=0}^\infty 2kA_kz^k+\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k
=\sum_{k=-2}^\infty (k+2)(k+1)A_{k+2}z^k-\sum_{k=0}^\infty 2kA_kz^k+\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k
=(0)(-1)A_{0}z^{-2} + (-1)(0)A_{1}z^{-1}+\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+2)(k+1)A_{k+2}z^k-\sum_{k=0}^\infty 2kA_kz^k+\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k
=\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+2)(k+1)A_{k+2}z^k-\sum_{k=0}^\infty 2kA_kz^k+\sum_{k=0}^\infty A_kz^k
=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \left((k+2)(k+1)A_{k+2}+(-2k+1)A_k\right)z^k

Now, if this series is a solution, all these coefficients must be zero, so:

(k+2)(k+1)A_{k+2}+(-2k+1)A_k=0\;\!

We can rearrange this to get a recurrence relation for Ak+2.

(k+2)(k+1)A_{k+2}=-(-2k+1)A_k\;\!
A_{k+2}={(2k-1)\over (k+2)(k+1)}A_k\;\!

Now, we have

A_2 = {-1 \over (2)(1)}A_0={-1\over 2}A_0,\, A_3 = {1 \over (3)(2)} A_1={1\over 6}A_1

We can determine A0 and A1 if there are initial conditions, ie., if we have an initial value problem.

So, we have

A_4={1\over 4}A_2 = \left({1\over 4}\right)\left({-1 \over 2}\right)A_0 = {-1 \over 8}A_0
A_5={1\over 4}A_3 = \left({1\over 4}\right)\left({1 \over 6}\right)A_1 = {1 \over 24}A_1
A_6={7\over 30}A_4 = \left({7\over 30}\right)\left({-1 \over 8}\right)A_0 = {-7 \over 240}A_0
A_7={3\over 14}A_5 = \left({3\over 14}\right)\left({1 \over 24}\right)A_1 = {1 \over 112}A_1

and the series solution is

f=A_0x^0+A_1x^1+A_2x^2+A_3x^3+A_4x^4+A_5x^5+A_6x^6+A_7x^7+\cdots
=A_0x^0+A_1x^1+{-1\over 2}A_0x^2+{1\over 6}A_1x^3+{-1 \over 8}A_0x^4+{1 \over 24}A_1x^5+{-7 \over 240}A_0x^6+{1 \over 112}A_1x^7+\cdots
=A_0x^0+{-1\over 2}A_0x^2+{-1 \over 8}A_0x^4+{-7 \over 240}A_0x^6+A_1x+{1\over 6}A_1x^3+{1 \over 24}A_1x^5+{1 \over 112}A_1x^7+\cdots

which we can break up into the sum of two linearly independent series solutions:

f=A_0(1+{-1\over 2}x^2+{-1 \over 8}x^4+{-7 \over 240}x^6+\cdots)+A_1(x+{1\over 6}x^3+{1 \over 24}x^5+{1 \over 112}x^7+\cdots)

which can be further simplified by the use of hypergeometric series (which goes beyond the scope of this article).

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