Power cable

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This article is about the electric power conveyances. For the fictional town, see Power Cable. For portable equipment, see Power cord.

A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed. Flexible power cables are used for portable and mobile tools and machinery..

Contents

[edit] History

Early telegraph systems were the first forms of electrical cabling but transmitted only small amounts of power. Gutta-percha insulation used for the first transatlantic cables was unsuitable for building wiring use since gutta-percha deteriorated rapidly when exposed to air. The first power distribution system developed by Thomas Edison used copper rods, wrapped in jute and placed in rigid pipes filled with a bituminous compound. Although vulcanized rubber had been patented by Charles Goodyear in 1844, it was not applied to cable insulation until the 1880s, when it was used for lighting circuits. [1] Rubber-insulated cable was used for 11,000 volt circuits in 1897 installed for the Niagara Falls power project. Oil-impregnated paper-insulated high voltage cables were commercially practical by 1895. During World War II several varieties of synthetic rubber and polyethylene insulation were applied to cables.[2]

[edit] Construction

Modern power cables come in a variety of sizes, materials, and types, each particularly adapted to its uses.[3] Large single insulated conductors are also sometimes called power cables in the industry.[4]

Cables consist of three major components, namely conductors, insulations, protection. The constructional detail of individual cables will vary according to their application. The construction and material are determined by three main factors:

  • Working voltage, which determines the thickness and composition of the insulation;
  • Current carrying capacity, which determines the cross-section size of the conductors;
  • Environmental conditions such as temperature, chemical or sunlight exposure, and mechanical impact, which determines the form and composition of the cable jacket enclosing conductors.

Since power cables must be flexible, the copper or aluminum conductors are made of stranded wire, although very small power cables may use solid conductors. The cable may include uninsulated conductors used for the circuit neutral or for ground (earth) connection.

The overall assembly may be round or flat. Filler strands may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Special purpose power cables for overhead or vertical use may have additional elements such as steel or Kevlar structural supports.

For circuits operating at 2,400 volts between conductors or more, a conductive shield may surround each conductor. This equalizes electrical stress on the cable insulation. This technique was patented by Martin Hochstadter in 1916,[5], and so the shield is sometimes called a Hochstadter shield. The individual conductor shields of a cable are connected to earth ground at one or both ends of each length of cable.

Some power cables for outdoor overhead use may have no overall sheath. Other cables may have a plastic or metal sheath enclosing all the conductors. The materials for the sheath will be selected for resistance to water, oil, sunlight, underground conditions, chemical vapors, impact, or high temperatures. Cables intended for underground use or direct burial in earth will have heavy plastic or lead sheaths, or may require special direct-buried construction. Where cables must run where exposed to impact damage, they are protected with flexible steel tape or wire armor, which may also be covered by a water resistant jacket.

Cables for high-voltage (more than 65,000 volts) power distribution may be insulated with oil and paper, and are run in a rigid steel pipe, semi-rigid aluminium or lead jacket or sheath. The oil is kept under pressure to prevent formation of voids that would allow partial discharges within the cable insulation. Newer high-voltage cables use cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) for insulation.

A hybrid cable will include conductors for control signals or may also include optical fibers for data.

[edit] Named cable types

Common types of general-purpose cables used by electricians are defined by national or international regulations or codes. Commonly-used types of power cables are often known by a "shorthand" name. For example, NEC type NM-B (Non-Metallic, variant B), often referred to as RomexTM (named by the Rome Wire Company, now a trademark of Southwire Company [1]), is a cable with a nonmetallic jacket. UF (underground feeder) is also nonmetallic but uses a moisture- and sunlight-resistant construction suitable for direct burial in the earth or where exposed to sunlight, or in wet, dry, or corrosive locations. Type AC is a fabricated assembly of insulated conductors in a flexible metallic armor, made by twisting an interlocking metal strip around the conductors. BX, an early genericized trademark of the General Electric company was used before and during World War II, designating a particular design of armored cable.

In Canada, type TECK cable, with a flexible aluminum or steel armor and overall flame-retardant PVC jacket, is used in industry for wet or dry locations, run in trays or attached to building structure, above grade or buried in earth. A similar type of cable is designated type MC in the United States.

Electrical power cables are often installed in raceways including electrical conduit, and cable trays, which may contain one or more conductors.

Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable (type MI) is a fire-resistant cable using magnesium oxide as an insulator. It is used in demanding applications such as fire alarms and oil refineries.

[edit] Flexible cables

All cables are flexible, which allows them to be shipped to installation sites on reels or drums. Where applications require a cable to be moved repeatedly, more flexible cables are used. Small cables are called "cords" (North American usage) or "flex" (United Kingdom)[citation needed]. Flexible cords contain finer stranded conductors, rather than solid, and have insulation and sheaths that are engineered to withstand the forces of repeated flexing. Heavy duty flexible power cords such as feeding a mine face cutting machine are carefully engineered -- since their life is measurable in weeks. Very flexible power cables are used in automated machinery, robotics, and machine tools. See "power cord" and "extension cable" for further description of flexible power cables. Other types of flexible cable include twisted pair, extensible, coaxial, shielded, and communication cable.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Underground Systems Reference Book, Edison Electric Institute, New York, 1957, no ISBN
  2. ^ R. M. Black The History of Electric Wires and Cables, Peter Pergrinus, London 1983 ISBN 0 86341 001 4
  3. ^ Terrell Croft and Wilford Summers (ed), American Electricans' Handbook, Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill, New York (1987) ISBN 0-07013932-6, sections 2-13 through 2-84
  4. ^ Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition,McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-07020974-X pg. 18-85
  5. ^ Underground Systems

[edit] External links

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