| Case |
Issue |
Joined by |
|
|
Barnhart v. Thomas
540 U.S. 20 (2003) |
|
|
Unanimous |
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U.S. Const. amend. I: campaign finance reform |
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Thomas |
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Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trink, LLP
540 U.S. 398 (2004) |
|
Antitrust; telecommunications |
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Unanimous decision, with three concurring justices. Scalia's 6-justice majority ruled that the allegation that an incumbent LEC had breached its duty under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to share its network with competitors failed to state a claim under § 2 of the Sherman Act. |
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General Dynamics Land System v. Cline
540 U.S. 581 (2004) |
|
Employment discrimination |
|
| Scalia dissented from Souter's 6-3 judgment that the EEOC had incorrectly interpreted the ADEA as prohibiting employers from favoring older over younger workers. Scalia would defer to the EEOC, whose regulation he believed was a reasonable interpretation of a statute that did not unambiguously require a different interpretation. |
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Olympic Airways v. Husain
540 U.S. 644 (2004) |
|
Warsaw Convention |
O'Connor |
| Scalia dissented from Thomas' 6-2 decision, which he criticized for failing to give any serious consideration to how courts of the partners of the U.S. in the Warsaw Convention had resolved the same legal issues |
|
|
Establishment Clause: state funding of religious education |
Thomas |
| Scalia dissented from Rehnquist's 7-2 decision. Scalia believed that Washington's scholarship program facially discriminated against religion by excluding only theology from the applicable subjects of study, "no less than if it had imposed a special tax." Scalia believed the plaintiff student was not asking for a "special benefit," but instead sought "only equal treatment." |
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Concrete Works of Colorado, Inc. v. City and County of Denver
540 U.S. 1027 (2003) |
|
|
Rehnquist |
| Scalia dissented from the denial of certiorari. |
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|
Raymond B. Yates, M.D., P.C. Profit Sharing Plan v. Hendon
541 U.S. 1 (2004) |
|
|
|
| Scalia believed that the Court "use[d] a sledgehammer to kill a gnat...The Department [of Revenue]'s interpretive conclusion is certainly reasonable (the Court's lengthy analysis says that it is inevitable); it is therefore binding upon us. I would reverse the judgment of the Sixth Circuit on that basis. The Court's approach, which denies many agency interpretations their conclusive effect and thrusts the courts into authoritative judicial interpretation, deprives administrative agencies of two of their principal virtues: (1) the power to resolve statutory questions promptly, and with nationwide effect, and (2) the power (within the reasonable bounds of the text) to change the application of ambiguous laws as time and experience dictate. The Court's approach invites lengthy litigation in all the circuits--the product of which (when finally announced by this Court) is a rule of law that only Congress can change." |
|
|
Rights of the accused: U.S. Const. amend. VI: Confrontation Clause |
Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Scalia's decision, unanimous with two concurring justices, ruled that the use in court of out-of-court statements made to police in an investigative capacity violated the Sixth Amendment right to confront accusing witnesses. |
|
|
Cheney v. United States District Court
541 U.S. 913 (2004) |
|
Recusal |
|
| Scalia declined to recuse himself from a case involving Vice-President Cheney, who had recently provided Scalia with a plane ride to a duck-hunting trip. Scalia remarked that "[i]f it is reasonable to think that a Supreme Court Justice can be bought so cheap, the Nation is in deeper trouble than I had imagined." He also did not believe his friendship with the Vice-President demanded recusal, because Cheney's "personal fortune or personal freedom were not at issue," only his official actions in a "run-of-the-mill legal dispute about an administrative decision." |
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|
S. Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians
541 U.S. 95 (2004) |
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|
|
| Scalia joined the majority's decision in part, and filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part. |
|
|
Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League
541 U.S. 125 (2004) |
|
|
Thomas |
| Scalia concurred in Souter's 6 justice opinion, with a 8-1 judgment. |
|
|
Engine Mfrs. Ass'n v. S. Coast Air Quality Mgmt. Dist.
541 U.S. 246 (2004) |
|
|
Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Souter dissented. |
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Rehnquist, O'Connor, Thomas |
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Till v. SCS Credit Corp.
541 U.S. 465 (2004) |
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|
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy |
| Scalia dissented from Stevens' plurality judgment. |
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Sovereign immunity: U.S. Const. amend. XI; Americans with Disabilities Act |
|
| Scalia dissented from Stevens' 5-4 decision. |
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|
Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Global Group, L.P.
541 U.S. 567 (2004) |
|
|
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas |
| Ginsburg dissented. |
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|
Thornton v. United States
541 U.S. 615 (2004) |
|
|
Ginsburg |
| Scalia concurred in the judgment delivered by Rehnquist. |
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Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act |
|
| Scalia joined Stevens' 6-3 decision, and filed a separate concurrence. |
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City of Littleton v. Z. J. Gifts D-4, L.L.C.
541 U.S. 774 (2004) |
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Bunting v. Mellen
541 U.S. 1019 (2004) |
|
U.S. Const. amend. I: Establishment Clause |
Rehnquist |
| Scalia dissented from the denial of certiorari. |
|
|
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd v. Empagran S. A.
542 U.S. 155 (2004) |
|
|
Thomas |
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|
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Unanimous |
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|
Rights of the accused: U.S. Const. amend. VI, right to jury trial |
Stevens, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg |
| Scalia wrote for five justices invalidating criminal sentencing system in which judges were the finders of fact for aggravating factors. O'Connor, Kennedy, and Breyer filed dissents. |
|
|
|
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas |
| Breyer dissented. |
|
|
|
|
| Scalia filed one of three dissents. |
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|
Rehnquist, Thomas |
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|
|
Rights of the accused: U.S. Const. amend. V, habeas corpus |
Stevens |
| Scalia wrote that if habeas corpus has not been suspended by Congress, U.S. citizens must be tried in ordinary criminal courts. He believed the plurality was misguided in attempting to fashion alternative procedures that might comply with due process, because the role of the Court was simply to declare that the procedures at issue were unconstitutional. |
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|
|
| Scalia dissented from Kennedy's 5-justice opinion. |
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|
Rehnquist, Thomas |
| Scalia concurred in part and concurred in the judgment. |
|
|
Cox v. Larios
542 U.S. 947 (2004) |
|
Legislative redistricting |
|
| Scalia dissented from the Court's summary affirmance. |
| Case |
Issue |
Joined by |
|
|
Death penalty: jury consideration of mitigation evidence |
Thomas |
| Scalia dissented from the Court's per curiam decision to reverse a Texas state court death sentence because of incorrect jury instructions regarding mitigation. Scalia merely stated without elaboration that he would have affirmed the sentence. |
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Devenpeck v. Alford
543 U.S. 146 (2004) |
|
|
Stevens, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Rehnquist did not participate. |
|
|
Rights of the accused: U.S. Const. amend. VI |
|
| Scalia joined Stevens' partial majority opinion in part, as well as Stevens' partial dissent, and wrote a separate partial dissent. The Court had ruled that the United States Sentencing Guidelines were unconstitutional to the extent that they required judges to increase sentences based upon their own finding of facts not found by a jury. Though the statutory standard for appellate review of sentences was structured to check compliance with the Guidelines, the Court found that once compliance was no longer mandatory that provision for review was severed and a different standard of reviewing for "unreasonableness" could be implied. Scalia wrote separately to criticize this latter aspect of the decision as contrary to the principle that there was no appellate review beyond that expressly defined by statute. He wrote that "[t]he question is, when the Court has severed that standard of review, does it make any sense to look for some congressional 'implication' of a different standard of review in the remnants of the statute that the Court has left standing? Only in Wonderland." |
|
|
Clark v. Martinez
543 U.S. 371 (2005) |
|
Illegal aliens |
Stevens, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Scalia's 7-justice majority ruled that aliens inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182 could not be indefinitely detained, but only for the period of time necessary to effect their removal. Aliens detained longer than the six-month presumptive necessary time are entitled to habeas corpus relief. This ruling derived from Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 (2001), which had interpreted the detention limitation in regard to another category of aliens within the same statute. The Court ruled that the statute gave no reason to give different constructions to the limitation based on the different categories. Thomas filed a dissent. |
|
|
Jama v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement
543 U.S. 335 (2005) |
|
Illegal aliens |
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas |
| Scalia's 5-justice majority ruled that the removal of aliens by the Attorney General under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(2) does not require advance acceptance by the receiving country. The statute instead sets forth a four step process for determining where an alien should be deported, of which willing acceptance is only a requirement for the final step. Souter dissented. |
|
|
Smith v. Massachusetts
543 U.S. 462 (2005) |
|
Rights of the accused: Double Jeopardy Clause |
Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Thomas |
| Scalia's 5-justice majority ruled that a judge's midtrial acquittal of a defendant of one of three offenses charged could not be reconsidered, where the trial had proceeded to the defendant's introduction of evidence. There was no indication that the judgment was non-final, and such reconsideration was not established by a pre-existing rule. Ginsburg dissented. |
|
|
Death penalty: execution of minors |
Rehnquist, Thomas |
| Scalia believed the Court’s invalidation of state death penalty laws was an un-democratic legislative ursurpation, particularly through its reliance on studies and personal moral conclusions about the psychological maturity and culpability of minors. He believed that whether there was a national consensus on the issue, which there wasn’t, was also irrelevant as to whether the Eighth Amendment prohibited the execution of juveniles. What was relevant was instead what the Amendment was intended to prohibit at the time of its enactment. Scalia also took issue with the Court’s use of international law, dismissing the invocation of a treaty that the U.S. had refused to ratify, and claimed that the Court was selective in which foreign law it would consider, in light of how many other areas of law the Court’s rulings diverged from international trends. |
|
|
Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt
543 U.S. 631 (2005) |
|
|
|
| Scalia joined the court except for its use of a Senate Committee Report to construe the statute at issue, a disagreement that he voiced in his brief concurrence. He believed "[t]hat source at most indicates the intent of one committee of one Chamber of Congress—and realistically, probably not even that, since there is no requirement that committee members vote on, and small probability that they even read, the entire text of a staff-generated report. It is a legal fiction to say that this expresses the intent of the United States Congress. And it is in any event not the inadequately expressed intent of the Congress, but the meaning of what it enacted, that we should be looking for. The only virtue of this cited source (and its entire allure) is that it says precisely what the Court wants." |
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|
|
|
| Scalia joined the Court's unanimous opinion, and filed a separate concurrence to explain that he joined it "because I do not agree with Justice Stevens's concurrence, painting today's action as a vindication of his opinion concurring in the judgment in Steel Co. v. Citizens for Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 112 (1998), in which he would have held that a jurisdictional bar does not prevent the resolution of a merits issue." |
|
|
Wilkinson v. Dotson
544 U.S. 13 (2005) |
|
Habeas corpus |
Thomas |
| Scalia wrote separately to observe that a contrary holding that would have permitted habeas petitions to compel parole hearings would require the Court "to broaden the scope of habeas relief beyond recognition." |
|
|
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
544 U.S. 113 (2005) |
|
|
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer |
|
|
|
Brown v. Payton
544 U.S. 133 (2005) |
|
Death penalty |
Thomas |
| Scalia wrote briefly just to state that "even if our review were not circumscribed by statute, I would adhere to my view that limiting a jury's discretion to consider all mitigating evidence does not violate the Eighth Amendment." |
|
|
Smith v. City of Jackson
544 U.S. 228 (2005) |
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|
|
| Scalia joined in the judgment of the Court, and joined all except Part III of its opinion. He wrote separately to explain that although he agreed with all of the Court's reasoning in Part III, he "would find it a basis, not for independent determination of the disparate-impact question, but for deferral to the reasonable views of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC or Commission) pursuant to Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). This is an absolutely classic case for deference to agency interpretation." |
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|
Johanns v. Livestock Mktg. Ass'n
544 U.S. 550 (2005) |
|
Compelled speech: U.S. Const. amend. I |
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Thomas, Breyer |
| Scalia's 5-justice majority ruled that requiring funding for a federal program that finances generic advertising to promote an agricultural product does not violate the First Amendment. Kennedy and Souter dissented. |
|
|
Alaska v. United States
545 U.S. ___ (2005) |
|
Original jurisdiction suit between Alaska and United States regarding title to submerged lands |
Rehnquist, Thomas |
| Scalia joined all of the Court's opinion dealing with a land dispute between Alaska and the United States, except for Part V and the related portions of Part VI. Scalia did not agree with the Court's conclusion that the United States expressly retained title to submerged lands within Glacier Bay National Monument at the time of Alaskan statehood, finding that there was no plain or express retention of those lands by the United States. Scalia also criticized Court’s concern with U.S. ability to protect brown bears from hunting. "Surely this is irrelevant to interpretation of the Alaska Statehood Act, unless there is some principle of construction that texts say what the Supreme Court thinks they ought to have said." |
|
|
Civil rights: Americans with Disabilities Act |
Rehnquist, O'Connor; Thomas (in part) |
| Scalia dissented from the plurality's judgment that the Americans with Disabilities Act applied to cruise ships flying under foreign flags. Scalia believed that because there must be a clear statement of Congressional intent to apply its laws to foreign ships when those laws would interfere with the ship's internal order, and the Act had "no clear statement of coverage." |
|
|
Commerce Clause |
|
| Scalia concurred separately to clarify that "Congress's regulatory authority over intrastate activities that are not themselves part of interstate commerce (including activities that have a substantial effect on interstate commerce) derives from the Necessary and Proper Clause." He considered this interpretation "if not inconsistent with that of the Court, at least more nuanced." |
|
|
Patents |
Unanimous |
| Scalia's unanimous judgment ruled that the use of patented compounds in preclinical studies was protected under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1) at least as long as there was a reasonable basis to believe that the compound tested could be the subject of an FDA submission and the experiments would produce the types of information relevant to drug applications under 21 U.S.C. § 355. |
|
|
American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc. v. Michigan Public Service Comm'n
545 U.S. ___ (2005) |
|
Commerce Clause: Dormant Commerce Clause |
|
| Though Scalia agreed with the Court's holding, he "reach[ed] that determination without adverting to various tests from our wardrobe of ever-changing negative Commerce Clause fashions." He instead believed the test should simply be "whether the fee facially discriminates against interstate commerce and whether it is indistinguishable from a type of law previously held unconstitutional by this Court." |
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|
Gonzalez v. Crosby
545 U.S. ___ (2005) |
|
Habeas corpus |
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Scalia's 7-justice majority ruled that the petitioner's Rule 60(b) motion, which challenged only the District Court's previous ruling on AEDPA's statute of limitations, was not the equivalent of a successive habeas petition and could be ruled upon by the District Court without precertification by the Eleventh Circuit. Stevens dissented. |
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|
|
| Scalia joined Rehnquist's plurality opinion, and concurred separately to explain that the plurality "accurately reflects our current Establishment Clause jurisprudence—or at least the Establishment Clause jurisprudence we currently apply some of the time. I would prefer to reach the same result by adopting an Establishment Clause jurisprudence that is in accord with our Nation's past and present practices, and that can be consistently applied—the central relevant feature of which is that there is nothing unconstitutional in a State's favoring religion generally, honoring God through public prayer and acknowledgment, or, in a nonproselytizing manner, venerating the Ten Commandments. |
|
|
Due Process |
Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Breyer |
| Scalia's 7-justice majority ruled that an individual who has obtained a state-law restraining order does not have a constitutionally protected property interest in having the police enforce the restraining order when they have probable cause to believe it has been violated. Stevens filed a dissent. |
|
|
Establishment Clause |
Rehnquist, Thomas; Kennedy (in part) |
| Scalia dissented from Souter's five-justice opinion. He believed that "the Court's oft repeated assertion that the government cannot favor religious practice is false;" that "today's opinion extends the scope of that falsehood even beyond prior cases;" and that "even on the basis of the Court's false assumptions the judgment here is wrong." |
|
|
Telecommunications |
Souter, Ginsburg |
| Scalia dissented from Thomas' 6-3 decision, believing that the FCC "has once again attempted to concoct a whole new regime of regulation (or of free-market competition) under the guise of statutory construction. Actually, in these cases, it might be more accurate to say the Commission has attempted to establish a whole new regime of non-regulation, which will make for more or less free-market competition, depending upon whose experts are believed. The important fact, however, is that the Commission has chosen to achieve this through an implausible reading of the statute, and has thus exceeded the authority given it by Congress." |
| Case |
Issue |
Joined by |
|
|
Lockhart v. United States
546 U.S. ___ (2005) |
|
Scalia joined O'Connor's unanimous opinion, and filed a separate concurrence. |
|
|
|
|
United States v. Georgia
546 U.S. ___ (2006) |
|
|
Unanimous |
|
|
|
Brown v. Sanders
546 U.S. ___ (2006) |
|
|
Roberts, O'Connor, Kennedy, Thomas |
|
|
|
Controlled Substances Act |
Thomas |
| Scalia filed one of two dissents from the 6-3 majority by Justice Kennedy. |
|
|
Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna
546 U.S. ___ (2006) |
|
|
Roberts, Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
| Thomas dissented. |
|
|
Civil rights |
Unanimous |
| Scalia's opinion was unanimous as to the eight justices participating, in ruling that the Civil Rights Act's protection of the right to make contracts free from racial discrimination did not extend to agents of the contractors, only those that would have enforceable rights under the contracts. |
|
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|
|
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|
|
Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas; Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg (in part) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Scalia filed one of three dissents from Souter's 5-3 decision. |
|
|
Fidelity Federal Bank & Trust v. Kehoe
547 U.S. ___ (2006) |
|
|
Alito |
| Scalia concurred in the Court's denial of certiorari. |
|
|
Habeas corpus: Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act |
Thomas, Breyer |
| Scalia filed one of two dissents from Ginsburg's 5-4 decision, objecting that the Court's affirmance of a district court's sua sponte dismissal of a habeas petition as untimely disregarded the clear provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), which required the forfeiture of affirmative defenses when they are not raised. Scalia argued that if there was truly no "dispositive difference" as the Court said between a court allowing the State to amend its answer to include the limitations argument and dismissing sua sponte, "the natural conclusion would be that there is no compelling reason to disregard the Civil Rules. Legislatively enacted rules are surely entitled to more respect than this apparent presumption that, when nothing substantial hangs on the point, they do not apply as written." At a minimum, Scalia believed it "a nontrivial value in itself" to "observe[ ] the formalities of our adversary system" by requiring the State to amend its own pleading. Scalia also observed that in contrast to the "novel regime" adopted by the majority, there is already a well-developed body of law regarding whether a party should have leave to amend a pleading. "Ockham is offended by today's decision, even if no one else is." |
|
|
Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp.
547 U.S. ___ (2006) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rights of the accused |
|
| Scalia joined Alito's unanimous decision ruling that a criminal defendant cannot prospectively waive the protections of the Speedy Trial Act of 1974, except as to the part addressing the Act's legislative history. Scalia filed a separate concurrence to restate his objections to that method of statutory interpretion. |
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|
|
Roberts, Thomas, Alito; Kennedy (in part) |
|
|
|
Kircher v. Putnam Funds Trust
547 U.S. ___ (2006) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clean Water Act |
Roberts, Thomas, Alito |
|
|
|
|
Roberts, Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito |
| Thomas concurred in part and dissented in part. |
|
|
|
Thomas |
| Scalia filed one of two dissents from this per curiam decision. |
|
|
Rights of the accused: U.S. Const. amend. VI, right to counsel |
Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer |
|
|
|
Death penalty: U.S. Const. amend. VIII, balance of mitigating and aggravating sentencing factors |
|
| Scalia concurred in Thomas' opinion. |
|
|
Legislative redistricting |
Thomas; Roberts, Alito (in part) |
| Scalia concurred in the fractured judgment in part, and dissented in part. |
|
|
|
Thomas, Alito |
| Scalia also joined Thomas' dissent, and Alito's dissent in part. |
