Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap
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The Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap (PIK) (Portuguese Israelite Religious Community) is the community for Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands. Sephardic Jews have been living in the Netherlands since the 16th century with the forced relocation of Spanish but above all Portuguese Jews from their homecountries due to the Inquisition. Nowadays some 270 families are connected to the PIK, also sometimes called PIG, which stands for Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente (Portuguese Israelite Congregation).
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[edit] History
The PIK was founded in 1814 under the reign of Willem I, although the first steps towards a central organisation of Jewish communities in the Netherlands were already taken in 1808, under command of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. Both the Ashkenazi as well as the Sephardic communities were included. This lasted until 1871, when the PIK (founded in 1870 by dissatisfied Sephardic Jews after arguments about where the central organisation which represented all Jews in the Netherlands was to be settled and after the wish to remove itself from their Askhenazi co-religionists) removed itself from the Askhenazi community and became a fully independent segment within Dutch Judaism.
Center of Sephardic life in the Netherlands was Amsterdam, although throughout time, communities also existed in places like The Hague, Rotterdam(twice, in the 17th and in the 19th century), Middelburg and Naarden. At the eve of the Holocaust, some 4,300 Sephardic Jews were living in the Netherlands, the majority of them in Amsterdam. Most of them were killed; at the end of the war, an estimated 800 were still alive.
[edit] Today
Currently the PIK, or PIG, has some 270 families (an estimated 600 persons) affiliated to it. The community regularly holds services in the monumental Esnoga synagogue or Snoge[1] in downtown Amsterdam near Waterlooplein (Waterloo Square). There's also a small PIG-Sephardic synagogue in Amstelveen with weekly activities. Almost all community members live in Amsterdam and surroundings. The PIG also has a youth group, called J-PIG (Jongeren Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente) (Youngsters Portuguese Israelite Community). Chief rabbi (chacham) of the community was S. Rodrigues Pereira, one of the few rabbis that survived the Holocaust. Since he passed away the community has been lead by rabbis B. Drukarch, S. Haliwa and since abt. 1998 rabbi dr. P.B. Toledano, who lives in London but visits Amsterdam frequently.
[edit] Cemeteries
Several Sephardic Jewish cemeteries have been founded since the first Jews settled in the Netherlands in the 16th century. Some of them have grown to be huge monuments of a once lively community. On the most well-known is Beth Haim[2] [3] in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel. Jews have been buried there since the year 1614 (making it the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands); until 1642, several Ashkenazi Jews were also buried at the cemetery, before buying their own piece of land to bury their dead near the village of Muiderberg. Throughout history, some 28,000 Sephardic Jews were buried at Beth Haim, making it one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in the Netherlands. Among the ones buried at this monumental site are rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, diplomat Samuel Palache and the parents of philosopher Baruch Spinoza.
Other Sephardic cemeteries are found in Middelburg[4], Amersfoort, Rotterdam and The Hague.
[edit] References
- ^ Esnoga Synagogue, Mr. Visserplein Amsterdam Heritage. Accessed 8th December 2006 (Dutch)
- ^ Portuguese Cemetery Beth Haim Jewish Historical Museum. Accessed 8th December 2006
- ^ The monumental Beth Haim Cemetery Amsterdam Heritage. Accessed 8th December 2006 (Dutch)
- ^ Sephardic cemetery in Middelburg, founded 1655. Accessed 8th December 2006 (Dutch)
