Portland, Oregon

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City of Portland
Flag Seal
Nickname: "Rose City," "Stumptown," "Bridgetown," "PDX", and "Little Beirut"
Location of Portland in Multnomah County and the state of Oregon
Coordinates: 45°31′12″N 122°40′55″W / 45.52, -122.68194
Country	United States
State	Oregon
Counties	Multnomah, Washington, Clackamas
Incorporated	February 8, 1851
Government
- Type	Commission
- Mayor	Tom Potter[1]
- Commissioners	Sam Adams Randy Leonard Dan Saltzman Erik Sten
- Auditor	Gary Blackmer
Area
- City	145.4 sq mi (376.5 km²)
- Land	134.3 sq mi (347.9 km²)
- Water	11.1 sq mi (28.6 km²)
Elevation	50 ft (15.2 m)
Population (2007)
- City	568,380
- Density	4,199.17/sq mi (1,640.30/km²)
- Metro	2,337,565
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
- Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP codes	97086-97299
Area code(s)	503/971
FIPS code	41-59000[2]
GNIS feature ID	1136645[3]
Website: http://www.portlandonline.com/

Portland is a city located near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. With an estimated population of 568,380^[4] it is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest, after Vancouver, British Columbia, and Seattle, Washington. Approximately two million people live in Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States as of July 2006.^[5]

Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the seat of Multnomah County. The city extends slightly into Washington County to the west and Clackamas County to the south. It is governed by a commission-based government headed by a mayor and four other commissioners. Portland's first mayor was Hugh O'Bryant who served for one year.

The city and region are noted for strong land-use planning^[6] and investment in public transit, supported by Metro, a distinctive regional-government scheme. Portland lies in the Marine West Coast climate region, which is marked by warm summers and rainy but temperate winters. This climate is ideal for growing roses, and for more than a century, Portland has been known as "The City of Roses" with many rose gardens – most prominently the International Rose Test Garden. Portland is also known for its large number of microbreweries and its coffee houses. It is the home of the Trail Blazers NBA basketball team.

Contents 1 History 2 Law and government 2.1 Planning and development 2.2 Free speech 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Climate 3.2 Sections and neighborhoods 3.2.1 Southwest 3.2.2 Northwest 3.2.3 North 3.2.4 Northeast 3.2.5 Southeast 4 People and culture 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Media 4.3 Parks and attractions 4.4 Arts and culture 4.5 Beer 4.6 Cuisine 4.7 Sports 4.8 Popular culture 4.9 Notable residents 5 Education 5.1 Public elementary and secondary education 5.2 Private primary and secondary education 5.3 Colleges and universities 5.3.1 Public colleges and universities 5.3.2 Private colleges and universities 5.3.3 Medical schools 5.3.4 Art schools 5.3.5 Other private schools 6 Economy 6.1 Real Estate, Housing and Construction 6.2 High-Tech Manufacturing 6.3 Textiles and Apparel 6.4 Steel and Aluminum 6.5 Shipping 7 Transportation 8 Nicknames 9 See also 10 Sister cities 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Portland wiki sites

[edit] History

Main article: History of Portland, Oregon

Portland started as a spot known as "the clearing,"^[7] which was on the banks of the Willamette about halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver. In 1843, William Overton saw great commercial potential for this land but lacked the funds required to file a land claim. He struck a bargain with his partner Asa Lovejoy of Boston, Massachusetts: for 25¢, Overton would share his claim to the 640 acre (2.6 km²) site. Overton later sold his half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland, Maine. Pettygrove and Lovejoy each wished to name the new city after his respective home town; this was decided with a coin toss, which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses.^[8]The coin used for this decision, now known as the Portland Penny, is on display in the headquarters of the Oregon Historical Society.

At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851 Portland had over 800 inhabitants,^[9] a steam sawmill, a log cabin hotel, and a newspaper, the Weekly Oregonian. By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500.^[10]

Portland's location, with access both to the Pacific Ocean via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers and to the agricultural Tualatin Valley via the "Great Plank Road" through a canyon in the West Hills (the route of current-day U.S. Route 26), gave it an advantage over nearby ports, and it grew quickly.^[11] It remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when Seattle's deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River.

The first known reference to Portland as "The City of Roses" was made by visitors to an 1888 Episcopal Church convention, the nickname growing in popularity after the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition where Mayor Harry Lane suggested that the city needed a "festival of roses."^[12] The first Portland Rose Festival was held two years later and remains the city's major annual festival a century later.

[edit] Law and government

See also: Government of Portland, Oregon

The city of Portland is governed by the Portland City Council, which includes the Mayor and four other Commissioners; and an auditor. Each is elected citywide to serve a four year term. The auditor provides checks and balances in the commission form of government and accountability for the use of public resources. In addition, the auditor provides access to information for all Council members and the public and issues reports on various matters of city government.

The city's Office of Neighborhood Involvement serves as a conduit between city government and 95 neighborhood associations, which are grouped into seven coalitions.

Portland and its surrounding metropolitan area are also served by Metro, the United States' only directly elected regional government. Metro's charter includes land use and transportation planning, solid waste management, and map development. It also owns and operates the Oregon Convention Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland Center for the Performing Arts, and Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center. The Multnomah County government also provides many services to the Portland area, along with that of Washington and Clackamas Counties to the west and south.

Since the 1950s, if not earlier, Portland has strongly favored the Democratic Party at all levels of government. Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are Democrats. Democrats also dominate the city's delegation to the Oregon Legislature.

Federally, Portland is split between three congressional districts. Most of the city is in the 3rd District, represented by Earl Blumenauer, who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996. Most of the city west of the Willamette River is part of the 1st District, represented by David Wu. A small portion of the city is in the 5th District, represented by Darlene Hooley. All three are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Portland since 1975. Oregon's senior Senator, Ron Wyden, is from Portland.

[edit] Planning and development

The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1903. Development of Washington Park and one of the country's finest greenways, the 40 Mile Loop, which interconnects many of the city's parks, began.

Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong land use planning controls;^[6] This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor Tom McCall, in particular the requirement for an urban growth boundary (UGB) for every city and metropolitan area. The opposite extreme, a city with few or no controls, is typically illustrated by Houston, Texas.

Portland's urban growth boundary, adopted in 1979, separates urban areas (where high-density development is encouraged and focused) from traditional farm land (where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict).^[13] This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along interstate highways, in suburbs, and satellite cities.

As a result, one can see pastoral farmlands and old red barns within 15 miles (24 km) of downtown Portland, literally across the street from large suburban developments (where that street is the urban growth boundary.) Opponents argue that this growth boundary has limited growth and increased the costs of housing; proponents argue that it has preserved valuable farmland, made possible the popular farmer's markets in Portland, and brought more efficient public transportation and less traffic than similarly sized cities.

As the population has grown, and undeveloped land inside the urban growth boundary has dwindled, there has been pressure to change or relax the rules. The rapid growth of two major employers in Washington County, namely Nike and Intel, contributed to this pressure.

The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries, but critics felt this wasn't being accomplished. In 1995, the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20 year supply of future housing at projected growth levels.^[14]

The Portland Development Commission is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development; it was created by city voters in 1958 to serve as the city’s urban renewal agency. It provides housing and economic development programs within the city, and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects. It has been criticized for clubbiness and lack of transparency.

In the early 1960s, the PDC led the razing of a large Italian-Jewish neighborhood downtown, bounded roughly by the I-405 freeway, the Willamette River, 4th Avenue and Market street. It was replaced by concrete office developments that proponents find clean and modern, and opponents find antiseptic and lifeless at night.

Mayor Neil Goldschmidt took office in the 1970s as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area, which was seen as emptying out after 5pm. The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since, with many thousands of new housing units clustered in 3 areas; west of Portland State University (between the I-405 freeway, SW Broadway, and SW Taylor St.); the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam (I-5) bridge; and most notably in the Pearl District (between I-405, Burnside St., NW Northrup St., and NW 9th Ave.).

The Urban Greenspaces Institute, housed in Portland State University Geography Department's Center for Mapping Research, promotes better integration of the built and natural environments. The institute works on urban park, trail, and natural areas planning issues, both at the local and regional levels.

According to Grist Magazine, Portland is the second most eco-friendly or "green" city in the world trailing only Reykjavík, Iceland.^[15]

[edit] Free speech

Because of strong free speech protections of the Oregon Constitution^[clarify],^[16] Portland reportedly has more strip clubs per capita than either Las Vegas or San Francisco.^[17]

[edit] Geography and climate

Portland lies at the northern end of Oregon's most populated region, the Willamette Valley. However, as the metropolitan area is culturally and politically distinct from the rest of the valley, local usage often excludes Portland from the valley proper. Although almost all of Portland lies within Multnomah County, small portions of the city lie within Clackamas and Washington counties with mid-2005 populations estimated at 785 and 1,455, respectively. The Willamette River runs north through the city center, separating the east and west sections of the city before veering slightly northwest to join with the Columbia River (which separates the state of Washington from the state of Oregon) a short distance north of the city.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 145.4 sq mi (376.5 km²). 134.3 sq mi (347.9 km²) of it is land and 11.1 sq mi (28.6 km²), or 7.6%, is water.

Portland lies on top of an extinct Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field known as the Boring Lava Field.^[18] The Boring Lava Field includes at least 32 cinder cones such as Mount Tabor,^[19], and its center lies in Southeast Portland. The dormant but potentially active volcano Mount Hood to the east of Portland is easily visible from much of the city, and the active volcano Mount Saint Helens to the north in Washington is visible in the distance from high-elevation locations in the city and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash during its spectacular 1980 eruption.

[edit] Climate

Portland lies within the Marine west coast climate zone, with some distinct characteristics of the Mediterranean climate as well. Summers in Portland are warm and relatively dry, with July averaging a high of 27 °C (81 °F) and a low of 14 °C (58 °F). Winters can be mild to chilly, and very moist, with January averaging a high of 8 °C (46 °F) and a low of 3 °C (37 °F). The rainfall averages 36.3 inches (920 mm) per year. Portland averages 155 days with measurable precipitation a year. Snowfall occurs no more than a few times per year, although the city has been known to see major snow and ice storms thanks to cold air outflow from the Columbia River Gorge. The city's winter snowfall totals have ranged from just a trace on many occasions, to 154.7 cm (60.9 inches) in 1892-93. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Portland was −19 °C (−3 °F), set on February 2, 1950. The highest temperature ever recorded was 42 °C (107 °F), set on July 30, 1965 as well as August 8, 1981 and August 10, 1981. Temperatures of 38 °C (100 °F) have been recorded in each of the months from May through September.

Avg / Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
High °C (°F)	7.8 (46)	10.0 (50)	13.9 (57)	16.7 (62)	20.0 (68)	23.3 (74)	26.7 (80)	27.2 (81)	23.3 (74)	17.2 (63)	10.6 (51)	7.8 (46)	17.2 (63)
Low °C (°F)	2.8 (37)	3.9 (39)	5.0 (41)	6.7 (44)	10.0 (50)	12.2 (54)	14.4 (58)	14.4 (58)	12.8 (55)	8.9 (48)	5.6 (42)	2.8 (37)	8.3 (47)
Precipitation mm (inches)[20]	135.9 (5.35)	97.8 (3.85)	90.4 (3.56)	60.7 (2.39)	52.3 (2.06)	37.6 (1.48)	16.0 (0.63)	27.7 (1.09)	44.5 (1.75)	67.8 (2.67)	135.6 (5.34)	155.7 (6.13)	922.0 (36.30)

[edit] Sections and neighborhoods

See also: Portland, Oregon neighborhoods

Portland straddles the Willamette River near its confluence with the Columbia River. The denser and earlier-developed west side is mostly hemmed in by the nearby West Hills (Tualatin Mountains), though it extends over them to the border with Washington County. The flatter east side fans out for about 180 blocks, until it meets the suburb of Gresham. Rural Multnomah County lies farther east.

In 1891 the cities of Portland, Albina, and East Portland were consolidated, and duplicate street names were given new names. The "great renumbering" on September 2, 1931 standardized street naming patterns, and changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block. It divided Portland into five sections: Southwest, Southeast, Northwest, North, and Northeast. Burnside St. divides north and south, and the Willamette River divides east and west. The river curves west five blocks north of Burnside and in place of it, Williams Ave. is used as a divider. The North section lies between Williams Ave. and the Willamette River to the west.

The streets of Portland are for the most part laid out on a grid, with named "streets" running perpendicular to the Willamette River and numbered "avenues" running parallel to (and with numbers increasing with distance from) the river. The grid breaks down in hilly regions, particularly in the West Hills, where roads follow the contours of elevation. The "logic" of the grid also breaks down slightly in the North section: it's the only section on the east side where address numbers go higher towards the river. In the rest of the east side, the numbers go lower towards the river.

On the west side, the RiverPlace, John's Landing and South Waterfront Districts lie in a "sixth quadrant" where addresses go higher from west to east toward the river. This "sixth quadrant" is roughly bounded by Naito Parkway and Barbur Boulevard to the west, Montgomery Street to the north and Nevada Street to the south.

[edit] Southwest

Downtown Portland lies in the Southwest section between the I-405 freeway loop and the Willamette River, centered around Pioneer Courthouse Square ("Portland's living room"). Downtown and many other parts of inner Portland have compact square blocks (200 ft [60 m] on a side) and narrow streets (64 ft [20 m] wide), a pedestrian-friendly combination.

Many of Portland's recreational, cultural, educational, governmental, business, and retail resources are concentrated downtown, including:

• South Park Blocks, Pettygrove and Lovejoy Parks, and Tom McCall Waterfront Park
• Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland Art Museum, and Oregon Historical Society Museum
• Portland City Hall, Multnomah County Courthouse, the Portland Building, Pioneer Courthouse, and Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse
• Portland State University, with the largest student body of any in Oregon
• The Meier & Frank Building and Pioneer Place mall
• Wells Fargo Center, the tallest building in Oregon (546 feet [166 m])

Beyond downtown, the Southwest section also includes:

• The campuses of Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Lewis & Clark College, and Portland Community College/Sylvania
• Neighborhoods like South Portland, South Burlingame, Hillsdale, and Multnomah, with unique residential houses and well defined commercial and retail districts
• Alpenrose Dairy in the Hayhurst neighborhood, the grounds of which host track cycling and Little League sports
• Washington Park, site of North America's deepest transit station, the Oregon Zoo, Hoyt Arboretum, the International Rose Test Garden, the Portland Japanese Garden, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and many hiking trails.
• The south Willamette riverfront along SW Macadam Ave., over 100 acres (0.4 km²) of former industrial land. This area is undergoing redevelopment as a mixed-use, high-density neighborhood, with an anticipated 2,700 residential units and 5,000 high-tech jobs after build-out.

[edit] Northwest

Northwest Portland includes the Pearl District, most of Old Town Chinatown, the Northwest District, and various residential and industrial neighborhoods. A range of streets in Northwest Portland is named alphabetically from Ankeny (actually one block South Of Burnside, which even though it is technically the divider between north and south, is the "B" street in the alphabetical sequence) north to Wilson (Though some claim Yeon is the northernmost "alphabet" street, there is no "X" street, and Yeon is not contiguous with the rest. Chronologically Yeon is a later addition as well.) Several characters in Portland native Matt Groening's TV show The Simpsons have names based on these: Ned Flanders, the bully Kearney, Reverend Lovejoy, Mayor Quimby, Milhouse Van Houten (actually in North Portland), and possibly C. Montgomery (also named for the large Montgomery Park (Formerly Montgomery Ward) sign) Burns[ide]. Contrary to popular belief, the character Sideshow Bob Terwilliger is not named after SW Terwilliger Boulevard in Southwest Portland.^[21]

The Pearl District is a recent name for a former warehouse and industrial area just north of downtown. Many of the warehouses have been converted into lofts, and new multistory condominiums have also been developed on previously vacant land. The increasing density has attracted a mix of restaurants, brewpubs, shops, and art galleries. The galleries sponsor simultaneous artists' receptions on the first Thursday of every month.

Between the Pearl District and the Willamette is the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood. It includes Portland's Chinatown, marked by a pair of lions at its entrance at NW 4th Ave. and W Burnside St. and home to the Portland Classical Chinese Garden. Before World War II, this area was known as Japan Town or Little Tokyo; Chinatown was previously located just south of W. Burnside St. along the riverfront.

Further west is the compact but thriving NW 21st and 23rd Avenue restaurant and retail area, the core of the Northwest District. Parts of this area are also called Uptown and Nob Hill. The residential areas adjacent to the shopping district include the Alphabet Historic District (with large Victorian and Craftsman homes built in the years before and shortly after 1900) and a large district centered around Wallace Park. The neighborhood has a mix of Victorian-era houses, apartment buildings from throughout the 20th century, and various businesses centered around Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center. The Portland Streetcar connects Nob Hill to downtown, via the Pearl.

West of the developed areas is the northern portion of Portland's West Hills, including the majority of extensive Forest Park and the Willamette Heights, Hillside, Sylvan, Skyline and Forest Heights neighborhoods.

[edit] North

North Portland is a diverse mixture of residential, commercial, and industrial areas. It includes the Portland International Raceway, the University of Portland, and massive cargo facilities of the Port of Portland. Slang-names for it include "NoPo" (shortened from North Portland) and "the Fifth Quadrant" (for being the odd-man out from the four-cornered logic of SE, NE, SW, and NW).

North Portland is connected to the industrial area of Northwest Portland by the St. Johns Bridge, a 2,067 ft (630.0 m) long suspension bridge completed in 1931 and extensively rehabilitated in 2003-5.

During World War II, a planned development named Vanport was constructed to the north of this section between the city limits and the Columbia River. It grew to be the second largest city in Oregon, but was wiped out by a disastrous flood in 1948. Columbia Villa, another wartime housing project in the Portsmouth Neighborhood, is being rebuilt; the new $150 million community is known as New Columbia and offers public housing, rental housing, and single family home ownership units. Since 2004, a light rail line runs along Interstate Avenue, which parallels I-5, stopping short of crossing the Columbia River.

[edit] Northeast

Northeast Portland contains a diverse collection of neighborhoods. For example, while Irvington and the Alameda Ridge feature some of the oldest and most expensive homes in Portland, nearby King is a more working-class neighborhood. Because it is so large, Northeast Portland can essentially be divided ethnically, culturally, and geographically into inner and outer sections. The inner Northeast neighborhoods that surround Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. were once predominantly African American, resembling typical urban inner-city environments found in most major U.S. cities. That is now changing due to the process of gentrification. Inner Northeast includes several shopping areas, such as the Lloyd District, Alberta Arts District and Hollywood, and part of the affluent Irvington, Alameda, Grant Park and Laurelhurst neighborhoods and nearby developments. The city plan targets Lloyd District as another mixed-use area, with high-density residential development.

Straddling the base of the borders of North and Northeast is the Rose Quarter. It is named after the Rose Garden, home of the Portland Trail Blazers, and also includes the Blazers' former home, the Memorial Coliseum. The Coliseum is the home to Portland's hockey team, the Portland Winter Hawks, of the Western Hockey League, though they often play at the Rose Garden. The newest Rose Quarter tenants are the LumberJax of the National Lacrosse League. The city still holds the lease to the land and owns the Coliseum, but the Rose Garden and other buildings were owned by private business interests until they went into receivership. The area is quite active during the teams' home games, and the city hopes to extend the activity by promoting a major increase in residential units in the quarter using zoning and tax incentives.

[edit] Southeast

Southeast Portland stretches from the warehouses along the Willamette, through the historic Ladd's Addition to the Hawthorne and Belmont districts out to Gresham. Southeast Portland initially tended toward the blue-collar but, with its lower real-estate prices, has since evolved to encompass a wide mix of backgrounds; inner southeast is something of a haven for hippies, hipsters, and environmentalists, while the outer edges remain populated by an increasingly diverse, largely working-class population constituted of significantly large immigrant communities from Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. The Hawthorne district in particular is known for its hippie/radical crowd and small subculturally-oriented shops; not far away is Reed College with its counter-cultural flavor and strong intellectual, anti-establishment tradition.

Between the 1920s and the 1960s, Southeast was home to Lambert Gardens. Southeast Portland also features Mt. Tabor, a cinder cone volcano that has become one of Portland’s more scenic and popular parks.

[edit] People and culture

[edit] Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1850	821		—
1860	2,874		250.1%
1870	8,293		188.6%
1880	17,577		111.9%
1890	46,385		163.9%
1900	90,426		94.9%
1910	207,214		129.2%
1920	258,288		24.6%
1930	301,815		16.9%
1940	305,394		1.2%
1950	373,628		22.3%
1960	372,676		-0.3%
1970	382,619		2.7%
1980	366,383		-4.2%
1990	437,319		19.4%
2000	529,121		21.0%
[22]

As of 2000, there are 529,121 people residing in the city, organized into 223,737 households and 118,356 families. The population density is 3,939.2 people per square mile (1,521/km²). There are 237,307 housing units at an average density of 1,766.7/sq mi (682.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 77.91% White, 6.64% African American, 6.33% Asian, 1.06% Native American, 0.38% Pacific Islander, 3.55% from other races, and 4.15% from two or more races. 6.81% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. 15.3% were of German, 8.9% Irish and 8.8% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 83.3% spoke English, 5.6% Spanish, 2.0% Vietnamese and 1.3% Russian as their first language.

Out of 223,737 households, 24.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.3 and the average family size is 3.

The age distribution was 21.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $40,146, and the median income for a family is $50,271. Males have a reported median income of $35,279 versus $29,344 reported for females. The per capita income for the city is $22,643. 13.1% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 15.7% of those under the age of 18 and 10.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Oregon has a 9% income tax which tends to suppress accurate reporting. Figures delineating the income levels based on race are not available at this time.

However, though the population of the city is increasing, the total population of children is diminishing, which has put pressure on the public school system to close schools. A 2005 study found that Portland is now educating fewer children than it did in 1925, despite the city's population having almost doubled since then, and the city will have to close the equivalent of three to four elementary schools each year for the next decade.^[23]

Portland's public school system has remained racially imbalanced. As of the 2000 census, three of its high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln and Wilson) were over 70% white, while Jefferson High School was 86% non-white. The remaining six schools are more ethnically balanced.^[24]

The imbalance can be explained through Portland's demographic history. Before the Second World War, Portland had very few residents of non-European ethnicity, primarily because Portland (and Oregon as a state) was a Sundown town for much of its history.^{[citation needed]} In 1940, Portland's African-American population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families. During the war-time liberty ship construction boom, the need for workers drew many blacks to the city. Because of institutionalized racism in the real-estate community at the time, this new influx of blacks was guided to specific neighborhoods, such as the Albina district and Vanport. The post-war destruction of Vanport eliminated the only integrated neighborhood, and an influx of blacks into the NE quadrant of the city continued.

[edit] Media

See also: List of newspapers in Oregon and List of radio stations in Oregon

The Oregonian is the only daily general-interest newspaper serving Portland. It also circulates throughout the state and in Clark County, Washington.

Smaller local newspapers, distributed free of charge in newspaper boxes and at venues around the city, include the Portland Tribune (general-interest paper published on Thursdays), Willamette Week (general-interest alternative weekly), the The Portland Mercury (another weekly, targeted at younger urban readers), The Asian Reporter (a weekly covering Asian news, both international and local), and The Portland Chinese Times (a Chinese-language weekly).

Portland Indymedia is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers. The Portland Alliance, a largely anti-authoritarian socialist monthly, is the largest radical print paper in the city. Just Out, published in Portland twice monthly, is the region's foremost LGBT publication. A biweekly paper, Street Roots, is also sold within the city by members of the homeless community.

The Portland Business Journal, a weekly, covers business-related news, as does The Daily Journal of Commerce. Open Spaces is a quarterly magazine of society, culture, the environment and the arts. Portland Monthly is a monthly news and culture magazine. BarFly Magazine is a popular weekly periodical covering the city's nightlife and bar scene. Exotic Magazine is the major monthly magazine covering the city's adult entertainment and nightlife since 1993. The Mid-county Memo is a neighborhood newspaper serving the Gateway and Parkrose neighborhoods on Portland's east side. PORT is an art macroblog dedicated to the vibrant art scene that provides daily updates on the arty goings on around town. Oregon Business magazine covers business from a statewide perspective. Oregon Home magazine is the region's remodeling and decor publication.

Portland is well served by television and radio. The metro area is the 23rd largest Designated Market Area (DMA) in the U.S., consisting of 1,086,900 homes and 0.992% of the U.S. market. The major network television affiliates include:

• KATU 2 (ABC)
• KOIN 6 (CBS)
• KGW 8 (NBC)
• KOPB-TV 10 Oregon Public Broadcasting (PBS)
• KPTV 12 (FOX)
• KPXG 22 (ION)
• KNMT 24 (TBN)
• KRCW 32 (The CW)
• KUNP-LP 47 (Univision)
• KPDX 49 (MyNetworkTV)

[edit] Parks and attractions

See also: Tourist attractions in or around Portland, Oregon

Portland is proud of its parks and its legacy of preserving open spaces. Parks and Greenspace planning dates back to John Charles Olmsted's 1903 Report to the Portland Park Board, inspiring generations of urban greenspace advocates.^{[citation needed]} In 1995, voters in the Portland metropolitan region passed a regional bond measure to acquire valuable natural areas for fish, wildlife, and people. Ten years later, more than 8,100 acres (33 km²) of ecologically valuable natural areas had been purchased and permanently protected for the public.^[25]

Portland along with Bend, Oregon are the only cities in the contiguous U.S. with extinct volcanoes within their boundaries. Mt. Tabor Park was inadvertently built on one of Portland's; it is known for its scenic views and historic reservoirs.^[26]

Forest Park is among the largest wilderness parks within city limits in the United States, covering over 5,000 acres (20 km²). Portland is also home to Mill Ends Park, the world's smallest park (a two-foot-diameter circle, the park's area is only about 0.3 square m). Washington Park is just west of downtown, and is home to the Oregon Zoo, the Portland Japanese Garden, and the International Rose Test Garden.

Tom McCall Waterfront Park runs along the west bank of the Willamette for the length of downtown. The 37 acre (150,000 m²) park was built in 1974 after Harbor Drive was removed and now plays host to large events throughout the year. Portland's downtown also features two groups of contiguous city blocks dedicated for park space; they are referred to as the North and South Park Blocks.

The only state park in Portland is Tryon Creek State Natural Area; its creek still has a run of steelhead. Adjacent to the park is the Tryon Life Community Farm, an aspiring urban ecovillage and educational center.

The Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden, which immortalizes three of the award-winning author's best known characters with bronze sculptures, quote plaques, and a fountain, is located in Grant Park, just a few blocks from the real Klickitat Street of "Henry Huggins" fame.

Leach Botanical Garden is a 15.6 acre botanical garden in the Southeast section of the city, emphasizing plants of the Pacific Northwest.

Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden is a 9.49 acre garden in the Southeast section of the city, adjoining Reed College, featuring more than 2,500 rhododendron, azalea, and companion plants.

Hoyt Arboretum is a much-beloved Portland open space, covering 185 acres (0.7 km²) of ridge-top about two miles (3 km) west of downtown. It is home to a collection of trees representing more than 1,100 species gathered from around the world.

Audubon Society of Portland, founded 1903, is one of the largest local Audubon chapters in the country with over 10,000 members. The Chapter's book store, wildlife care center, and administrative offices are located on a 143-acre (0.6 km²) sanctuary nestled against Forest Park only 5 minutes from downtown Portland. The sanctuary trails are open to the public.

[edit] Arts and culture

Portland is home to a diverse array of artists and arts organizations, and was named in 2006 by American Style magazine as the 10th best Big City Arts Destination in the U.S.

Major performing arts institutions include the Oregon Ballet Theatre, Oregon Symphony, Portland Center Stage, and the Portland Opera. Over 75 other arts organizations produce theatre, music, dance, folk art, media arts in Portland, helping Portland achieve its reputation as an arts destination for cultural tourists.

Some of the town's many theater companies include the following: Portland Center Stage, Artist Repertory Theater, Theatre Vertigo, Northwest Children's Theater, Stumptown Stages, Oregon Children's Theater, Miracle Theatre, Northwest Classical Theatre Company, Third Rail Repertory Theatre, defunkt theatre, Imago Theater, Blue Monkey Theater Company, Tears of Joy Theatre, and Profile Theatre.

The Portland Art Museum owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing it became one of the United States' 25 largest museums. Art galleries abound downtown and in the Pearl District, as well as in the Alberta Arts District and other neighborhoods throughout the city. Other organizations displaying visual arts include the Portland Art Center, Disjecta, and Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (PICA).

The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI) is located on the east bank of the Willamette River across from downtown Portland, and contains a variety of hands-on exhibits covering the physical sciences, life science, earth science, technology, astronomy, and early childhood education. OMSI also has an OMNIMAX Theater and is home to the USS Blueback (SS-581) submarine (which was featured in the film The Hunt for Red October).

Portland is also home to Portland Classical Chinese Garden, an authentic representation of a Suzhou-style walled garden. Local construction workers provided the site preparation and foundation, and dozens of workers from Suzhou, using material from China, constructed its walls and other structures, including a tea house.

Portlandia, a statue on the west side of the Portland Building, is the second-largest hammered-copper statue in the U.S. (after the Statue of Liberty). Portland's public art is managed by the Regional Arts & Culture Council.

Powell's City of Books says it is the largest independent bookstore in the United States and the largest bookstore west of the Mississippi River.

As a city with a strong tradition of bizarre festivals such as the Keep Portland Weird Festival,^[27] Portland hosts the world's only HP Lovecraft Film Festival^[28] at the Hollywood Theatre.

[edit] Beer

Portland is well-known for its microbrewery beer. It is often said that Portland is the home of the microbrew revolution in the United States, sometimes being called Beervana. Some illustrate Portlanders' interest in the beverage by an offer made in 1888, when local brewer Henry Weinhard volunteered to pump beer from his brewery into the newly dedicated Skidmore Fountain. However, the renown for quality beer dates to the 1980s, when state law was changed to allow consumption of beer on brewery premises. In short order, microbreweries and brewpubs began to pop up all over the city. Their growth was supported by the abundance of local ingredients, including two-row barley, over a dozen varieties of hops, and pure water from the Bull Run Watershed.

Today, with 28 breweries within the city, Portland is home to more breweries than any other city in the country.^[30] The McMenamin brothers alone have over thirty brewpubs, distilleries, and wineries scattered throughout the metropolitan area, several in renovated theaters and other old buildings otherwise destined for demolition. Other notable Portland brewers include Widmer Brothers, BridgePort, and Hair of the Dog, as well as numerous smaller quality brewers. In 1999, author Michael "Beerhunter" Jackson called Portland a candidate for the beer capital of the world because the city boasted more breweries than Cologne, Germany. The Portland Oregon Visitors Association is promoting "Beervana" and "Brewtopia" as nicknames for the city.^[31] In mid-January of 2006, Mayor Tom Potter officially gave the city a new nickname-- Beertown.^[32]

Portland hosts a number of festivals throughout the year in celebration of beer, including the Oregon Brewers Festival. Held each July, it is the largest gathering of independent craft brewers in North America. Other major beer festivals throughout the calendar year are: the Spring Beer and Wine Festival in April, the Portland International Beerfest in July, and the Holiday Ale Festival in December.

An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters that serve beer, often with second-run or revival films. Examples of these "brew and view" theaters include the Academy Theater, Bagdad Theater, Clinton Street Theater, Edgefield, Kennedy School, Laurelhurst Theater, Mission Theater, and St. John's Theater.

[edit] Cuisine

Portland has a growing restaurant scene, and among three nominees, was recognized by the Food Network Awards as their "Delicious Destination of the Year: A rising city with a fast-growing food scene" for 2007.^[33] The New York Times also spotlighted Portland for its burgeoning restaurant scene in the same year.^[34] Travel + Leisure ranked Portland #9 among all national cities in 2007.^[35] The city is also known for being the most vegetarian-friendly city in America.^[36]

[edit] Sports

Main article: Sports in Portland, Oregon

Portland has one major league sports team (the Trail Blazers) and a variety of minor league teams. Running is a major sport in the metropolitan area, which hosts the Portland Marathon and much of the Hood to Coast Relay (the world's largest such event). Skiing and snowboarding are also highly popular, with a number of nearby resorts on Mount Hood, including year-round Timberline.

It was formerly home to the Portland Rosebuds of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, the first professional sports team in Oregon and the first professional hockey team in the U.S.

Portland has one of the most active bicycle racing scenes in the United States, with hundreds of events sanctioned each year by the Oregon Bicycle Racing Association. Weekly events at Alpenrose Velodrome and Portland International Raceway allow for racing nearly every night of the week during spring and summer, and fall cyclocross races such as the Cross Crusade can have over 1000 riders and boisterous spectators.

Club	Sport	League	Championships	Home Venue	Founded
Portland Trail Blazers	Basketball	National Basketball Association	1 (1976-77)	Rose Garden	1970
Portland Timbers	Soccer	United Soccer Leagues First Division	0	PGE Park	2001
Portland Winter Hawks	Ice Hockey	Western Hockey League	2 (1982-83, 1997-98)	Rose Garden, Memorial Coliseum	1976
Portland Naughty Dogs	Paintball	National Professional Paintball League	Multiple tournaments	None	1996
Portland Beavers	Baseball	Pacific Coast League	0	PGE Park	2001
Rose City Rollers	Roller Derby	Women's Flat Track Derby Association	0	Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center	2004
Portland Chinooks	Basketball	International Basketball League	0	Multiple arenas	2005
Portland LumberJax	Indoor lacrosse	National Lacrosse League	0	Rose Garden	2006
Portland Wolfpack	Mixed Martial Arts	International Fight League	0	Rose Garden	2006
Multnomah County Buccaneers	Football	Northwest Football League	0	Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon)	2000

[edit] Popular culture

See also: List of fiction set in Oregon

Portland is well known as a hub of American youth culture.

From the late 1980s through today, Portland has been a major center for movements such as zine-making, including hosting such events as the Portland Zine Symposium^[37] and home to major zine distributors such as Microcosm. The DIY craft community has also seen a population explosion in Portland since the 1990s and now hosts such events as Crafty Wonderland^[38] and regular Church of Craft^[39] meetings, and is home to such stores as Knittn' Kitten,^[40] SCRAP,^[41] and many independently-owned stores such as Bolt, Yarn Garden,^[42] and the downtown Fiber District. Portland is also home to radical feminist and lesbian activist movements, and the city is also considered a haven for punk, hardcore, crust punk and anarchist movements and subgenres, including the self-reliant DIY culture movement that has been part of the aforementioned subcultures.

It has been home to many artists of significant impact within their respective fields, including musicians and musical groups The Kingsmen, The Wipers, Poison Idea, Gary Jarman from The Cribs, Jacob Golden, The Dandy Warhols, Everclear, Elliott Smith, Pink Martini, Floater, Quarterflash, Quasi, Sleater-Kinney, Stephen Malkmus, Lifesavas, The Decemberists, The Shins, The Thermals, Menomena, Viva Voce, and M. Ward; animators Matt Groening, Will Vinton, and Bill Plympton; filmmakers Gus Van Sant and Todd Haynes; actors Sam Elliott and Lindsay Wagner and authors Beverly Cleary, Katherine Dunn, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Chuck Palahniuk.

[edit] Notable residents

Main article: List of Portlanders

[edit] Education

[edit] Public elementary and secondary education

Portland is served by six school districts, Parkrose, David Douglas, Centennial, Reynolds, Riverdale, and Portland Public. The largest, Portland Public School District consists of about 100 schools covering, in various combinations, grades kindergarten through 12, as well as 50 special education programs. The number of students in the school district is approximately 53,000 — an enrollment of over 90% of the available school-age children, a higher percentage than other large urban school districts.^[43][44] Nonetheless, total school enrollment is declining, accompanying a change in Portland's demographics, and the Portland Public Schools are facing increasing budget pressure.^{[citation needed]}

Portland Public Schools high schools include Benson Polytechnic High School, Cleveland High School, Franklin High School, Grant High School, Jefferson High School, Lincoln High School, Madison High School, Marshall High School, Metropolitan Learning Center, and Woodrow Wilson High School. Lincoln, one of the oldest public high schools west of the Mississippi River, was established in 1869 and boasts several famous alumni, including cartoon voice actor Mel Blanc, singer-songwriter Elliott Smith, Matt Groening (creator of The Simpsons), Golfer Peter Jacobsen, and astronaut S. David Griggs. Both Lincoln and Cleveland draw many students because of the International Baccalaureate program. Phil Knight, the founder of Nike, graduated from Cleveland. Sally Struthers, Beverly Cleary, and Thomas M. Lauderdale of Pink Martini graduated from Grant. Benson is a citywide magnet high school named for lumber baron and social entrepreneur Simon Benson, who in 1917 endowed the school with a grant worth $1.5 million in 2006 dollars.

The Parkrose District, which is fully contained within the city, has a single high school, a middle school and four elementary schools.

[edit] Private primary and secondary education

The region also has a number of private schools, including: The Catlin Gabel School, Central Catholic High School, De La Salle North Portland Catholic High School, Franciscan Montessori Earth School & Saint Francis Academy, The French American International School, The International School, The Northwest Academy, Oregon Episcopal School, St. Mary's Academy, St. Mary of the Valley, Jesuit High School, Portland Waldorf School, Portland Jewish Academy, and Portland Adventist Academy. Portland is also home to Montessori Institute Northwest, an internationally recognized teacher training facility.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Colleges and universities

[edit] Public colleges and universities

Portland State University, with graduate and undergraduate enrollment of over 26,000, is Oregon's largest university. Its primary campus is at the southern edge of downtown.

Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) began as the University of Oregon Medical School in 1913. In addition to its medical, nursing, and dental divisions (see below), it merged with the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology in 2001, taking on its current name and composition.

Portland Community College has two major campuses in the city—Cascade and Sylvania—as well as the smaller Southeast Center and Metropolitan Workforce Training Center. The third large campus—Rock Creek—is located outside of the city in unincorporated Washington County.

[edit] Private colleges and universities

Cascade College, Concordia University, Lewis & Clark College (including Lewis & Clark Law School), Linfield College (School of Nursing), Multnomah Bible College and Biblical Seminary, University of Portland, Reed College, Warner Pacific College, Portland Bible College, Walla Walla University (School of Nursing) and Western Seminary are all located in the city.

[edit] Medical schools

OHSU has a major medical, dental, and nursing school at its primary campus just south of downtown, in the West Hills. The campus anchors a medical district (affectionately called "Pill Hill") surrounded by other hospitals including a Veterans Affairs Hospital, Portland Shriners Hospital, and Doernbecher Children's Hospital.

Schools of alternative medicine include Oregon College of Oriental Medicine, the National College of Naturopathic Medicine, and Western States Chiropractic College.

[edit] Art schools

These include the Art Institute of Portland, Pacific Northwest College of Art, Oregon College of Art and Craft, and Northwest Film Center.

[edit] Other private schools

Concorde Career Institute and Western Culinary Institute.

[edit] Economy

The Portland Metro Area has experienced growth outpacing the national average over the last 10 years, with current estimates showing an 80% chance of population growth in excess of 60% over the next 50 years.^[45] This explosion of workers and the efforts of the Portland Development Commission to improve access to business and housing have prompted the economy of Portland to generally be of good health over the last decade, with a hopeful outlook for the foreseeable future.

Portland's economy is situated as an important location for several industries, owing to its relatively low cost of energy, easy access to many resources, and the access to large North-South and East-West Interstates, international air terminals, large marine shipping facilities and both west coast intercontinental railroads.^[46]

[edit] Real Estate, Housing and Construction

‎Due to a state law enacted during 1973, each metropolitan area in Oregon is required to maintain an "urban growth boundary" (UGB), beyond which large scale development and access to utilities such as sewage, water and telecommunications, as well as coverage by fire, police and schools are limitted.^[47] Originally this law mandated that the city must maintain enough land within the boundary to provide an estimated 20 years of growth, however in 2007 the legislature altered the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary, as well as the protection of accompanying farm/rural lands.^[45]

This UGB, along with efforts the PDC to create economic development zones, has led to the development of a large portion of downtown, a large number of mid- and high-rise developments, an overall increase in housing and business density, and an increase in average house prices.^[48][49]

[edit] High-Tech Manufacturing

Computer components manufacturer Intel is the Portland area's largest employer, providing jobs for more than 14,000 residents, with several campuses on the west end of the city in the more sparse community of Hillsboro.^[46] The metro area is home to more than 1,200 technology companies.^[46] This high density of technology companies has led to the nickname Silicon Forest being used to describe Portland, a reference to the abundance of trees in the region.

[edit] Textiles and Apparel

Portland is home to the regional headquarters for German apparel corporation Adidas, and also serves as the headquarters for the Columbia Sportswear corporation, and Nike, Inc., the only Fortune 500 company which is located primarily in the Portland Metro Area. Philip Knight, co-founder and chairman of Nike, is an Oregon native and University of Oregon alumni.

[edit] Steel and Aluminum

The steel industry has a long history in Portland, dating back prior to World War II. By the 1950s, the steel industry had become the city's number one industry by employment.^[50] Today the steel industry continues to thrive in the region, with one of the more prominent steel companies, Schnitzer Steel Industries, shipping a record 1.15 billion tons of scrap metal to Asia during 2003.^[50]

The aluminum industry began to expand in the Portland area during the later half of the 20th century. This was primarily due to the relatively low cost of electricity in the region, courtesy of the many dams on local rivers. The industry has been one of the more intrusive industries pollitically however, due to the effect on residential and business energy costs to the rest of the city, and the pollution associated with aluminum production.^[51]

[edit] Shipping

Portland is the largest shipper of wheat in the United States, and is the third largest port for wheat in the world.^[52] The marine terminals alone handle over 13 million tons of cargo per year, and is home to one of the largest commercially run dry docks in the country.^[53][54] The Port of Portland is the third largest port on the west coast, despite the fact that it remains about 80 miles upriver.^[54][46]

[edit] Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Portland, Oregon

The Portland metropolitan area has the typical transportation services common to major U.S. cities, though Oregon's emphasis on proactive land-use planning and transit-oriented development within the urban growth boundary means that commuters have multiple well-developed options.

TriMet operates most of the region's buses and the MAX (short for Metropolitan Area Express) light rail system, which connects the city and suburbs. 5th and 6th avenues used to be the Portland Transit Mall, devoted primarily to bus traffic with limited automobile access, running north/south through downtown. During construction of the new Portland Transit Mall, which will include light rail, buses have been moved to 3rd and 4th avenues, and 5th and 6th avenues have been closed for construction between Northwest Hoyt Street and about Southwest Clay.

I-5 connects Portland with the Willamette Valley, Southern Oregon, and California to the south and with Washington to the north. I-405 forms a loop with I-5 around the central downtown area of the city and I-205 is a loop freeway route on the east side which connects to the Portland International Airport. US 26 supports commuting within the metro area and continues to the Pacific Ocean westward and Mount Hood and Central Oregon eastward. US 30 has a main, bypass and business route through the city extending to Astoria, Oregon to the west; through Gresham, Oregon, and the eastern exurbs, and connects to I-84, traveling towards Boise, Idaho.

Portland's main airport is Portland International Airport (IATA: PDX, ICAO: KPDX), located about 20 minutes by car (40 minutes by MAX) northeast of downtown. Scheduled international flights depart to Japan (Tokyo), Germany (Frankfurt), Mexico (Guadalajara, Mexico City, Cabo San Lucas, and Puerto Vallarta), and Canada (Vancouver, British Columbia), and The Netherlands (Amsterdam). In addition Portland is home to Oregon's only public use heliport, the Portland Downtown Heliport (ICAO: 61J).

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Portland at Union Station on three routes. Long-haul train routes include the Coast Starlight (with service from Los Angeles to Seattle) and the Empire Builder (with service from Portland to Chicago.) The Amtrak Cascades commuter trains operate between Vancouver, British Columbia and Eugene, Oregon, and serve Portland several times daily in both directions.

Portlanders have other transportation alternatives. The Portland Streetcar operates from the southern waterfront, through Portland State University north to nearby homes and shopping districts. The city is particularly supportive of urban bicycling and has been recognized by the League of American Bicyclists among others for its network of paths and other bicycle-friendly services. Car sharing through Flexcar is also available to residents of the city and some inner suburbs. The new Portland Aerial Tram connects the South Waterfront district on the Willamette River and the Oregon Health & Science University campus on Marquam Hill above. Construction of the tram was completed in December 2006.

Bicycling is a popular transportation and commuting option in Portland. The Bicycle Transportation Alliance sponsors an annual Bicycle Commute Challenge, in which thousands of commuters compete for prizes and recognition based on the length and frequency of their commutes.^[55]

[edit] Nicknames

The most common nickname for Portland is "The Rose City".^[12] Other nicknames for Portland include "Stumptown" (because of early logging to clear land for development^[56]), and "Bridgetown" (because of its numerous bridges^[57]). City officials are promoting Portland's thriving microbrewery industry with the nicknames "Beervana", "Brewtopia", and "Beertown".^[31][58] Many Portlanders and Oregonians also refer to Portland synecdochically by the Airport code of Portland International Airport, "PDX".

"Rip City" is a nickname coined by Blazer's broadcaster Bill Schonely when referring to the basketball team and its surrounding culture.

Staffers of former US President George H. W. Bush used to refer to Portland as "Little Beirut" because of the protesters he encountered during his visits.^[59]

[edit] See also

• 1972 Portland-Vancouver Tornado
• Architecture in Portland, Oregon
• Downtown Portland
• List of artists and art institutions in Portland, Oregon
• List of hospitals in Portland, Oregon
• Portland metropolitan area

[edit] Sister cities

Portland has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

Portland also has a friendship city relationship with Tallinn, Estonia.^[60]

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• C. Abbott, Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8122-1779-9
• C. Ozawa (Ed.), The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities. Washington: Island Press, 2004. ISBN 1-55963-695-5
• Chuck Palahniuk, Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon. Crown, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4783-8
• Stewart Holbrook, The Far Corner. Comstock Editions, 1952. ISBN 0-89174-043-0
• E. Kimbark MacColl, The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915. Portland: Georgian Press, 1976. OCLC 2645815 ASIN B0006CP2A0
• E. Kimbark MacColl, The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915 to 1950. Portland: Georgian Press, 1979. ISBN 0-9603408-1-5
• Jewel Lansing, Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851-2001. Oregon State University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0870715594
• MacGibbon, Elma (1904). Leaves of knowledge. Shaw & Borden Co.  Elma MacGibbons reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Portland, the western hub."
• O'Toole, Randal. Debunking Portland: The City That Doesn’t Work. Policy Analysis. No. 596. Cato Institute, July 9, 2007.

[edit] External links

Find more about Portland, Oregon on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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• City of Portland, Oregon
  • Portland Maps (lot-level GIS)
  • Portland CrimeMapper
• Portland Business Alliance - Portland Chamber of Commerce
• Travel Portland
• Map of now-Demolished Buildings of PDX Mapped on Platial.

• Portland, Oregon is at coordinates 45°31′23″N 122°38′25″W / 45.52304, -122.640155 (Portland, Oregon)Coordinates: 45°31′23″N 122°38′25″W / 45.52304, -122.640155 (Portland, Oregon)

[edit] Portland wiki sites

Portland websites that are also wikis

• WikiWikiWeb installed by Howard Cunningham from Beaverton. Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web, this is the very first wiki in existence.
• Portland (Oregon) travel guide from Wikitravel

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