Pontoon effect

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Louie the Dog suffered from a partial capsize due to the Pontoon Effect at the 2004 Baltimore Kinetic Sculpture Race. Note that the pontoon on the right is completely submerged, while the pontoon on the left is almost completely out of the water.^[1]

The pontoon effect refers to the tendency of a vessel whose flotation depends on lateral pontoons to capsize without warning when a lateral force is applied. The effect can be sudden and dramatic because the vessel is stable and self-righting as greater lateral force is applied, up to the point that the pontoon(s) on one side of the vessel are completely submerged. At this point, stability suddenly disappears and the vessel rapidly capsizes.^[2]

(The same term can also arise when describing a design in which the attributes of a pontoon are created without using explicit pontoons--when a design effectively incorporates pontoons. This page describes the specific phenomenon described above.)

The pontoon effect is theoretically possible whenever the vessel's entire weight exceeds the buoyancy of the pontoon(s) on either side. However, the pontoon effect is much more likely in vessels with a high center of gravity and low or non-existent displacement other than the pontoons.

A pontoon vessel such as a catamaran floats in a level position when the center of gravity of the entire vessel (including its load) is above the center of buoyancy. If it tips, the vessel will be stable as long as the center of gravity does not move further to the side than the center of buoyancy. Under these conditions a "righting force" (a turning moment) acts on the vessel to push it back toward the level position.

However if the center of gravity is high relative to the width of the vessel, and the pontoons on one side are unable to bear the vessel's complete weight, the lateral movement of the center of buoyancy will be restricted. Even a relatively small lateral force can move the center of gravity further to the side than the center of buoyancy can go. At this point, the righting force will disappear, replaced by a turning moment in the opposite direction. This can capsize the vessel at the point at which one pontoon is completely submerged.

When using twin lateral pontoons, each pontoon should have enough buoyancy to bear the load of the entire vessel on its own. If the vessel is so heavy that either pontoon is mostly submerged when no lateral force is applied, it will be vulnerable to the pontoon effect. If sufficient lateral force arises (such as wind or shifting load), the vessel can tip enough to submerge one pontoon. At this point, the sunken pontoon will provide no further buoyancy to right the vessel. As the center of buoyancy cannot move further to that side to match the center of gravity, that pontoon will continue sinking. The tipping angle will increase until the vessel capsizes. This can continue until the vessel inverts completely with the pontoons again floating on the surface but the rest of the vessel underwater. At this point, the upside-down vessel will be highly stable. If, on the other hand, the vessel is design and loaded so that each pontoon can support the vessel's entire weight, the center of gravity cannot move transversely beyond the center of buoyancy at the most extreme tipping angle, and the pontoon effect cannot occur.^[3]

In the abstract sense, the principles at work govern the stability of all boats and ships including those without lateral pontoons. See angle of loll and metacentric height.

[edit] References

1. ^ Baltimore Kinetic Sculpture Race 2004 Race Report, <http://www.kineticbaltimore.com/KSR/2004/>. Retrieved on 3 April 2008 
2. ^ Kinetic Sculpture Racing Course (see "Water" chapter of Kinetic Textbook for explanation and case study, <http://brandon525.googlepages.com/kineticsculptureracing>. Retrieved on 2 March 2008 
3. ^ What is the Pontoon Effect?, <http://www.kineticbaltimore.com/KSR/2005/#pontooneffect>. Retrieved on 3 March 2008